We discovered an unrecognized mechanism of retinoid action for the activation of hepatic leptin signaling, which resulted in enhancing insulin sensitivity in two mouse models of insulin resistance. LY2090314 in vitro Moreover, we also found that retinoids attenuate hepatic iron overload and iron-induced oxidative stress, which have recently emerged as an important factor for the development and progression of insulin resistance. Our data suggest that retinoids might have potential for treating

NAFLD associated with insulin resistance.”
“The present study describes the antiproliferative properties of Iris pseudopumila flowers and rhizomes extracts and fourteen constituents isolated from them. The in vitro cytotoxic activity assay against Bioactive Compound Library in vitro two human cancer cell lines, large lung carcinoma (CORL-23) and amelanotic melanoma (C32), showed that the most antiproliferative extract was the MeOH extract from flowers with a percentage of inhibition of 50.9 at 100 mu g/ml against amelanotic melanoma cells. The most antiproliferative compounds against amelanotic melanoma cells were kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside and irisolidone with a percentage of inhibition of 100 and 96.6, respectively, and against large lung carcinoma cells with a percentage of inhibition of 82.1 and 84.6. respectively. Significant activity on the amelanotic melanoma cell line was also showed by irigenin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, with a percentage of inhibition of 89.3. The compounds isovitexin

and isoorientin-6-O”-beta-D-glucopyranoside showed a selective activity against amelanotic melanoma cells with a percentage of inhibition of 83.2 and 79.8, respectively.”
“The default-mode network, a coherent resting-state brain network, is thought to characterize basal neural activity. Aberrant default-mode connectivity has been reported in a host of neurological and psychiatric

illnesses and in persons at genetic risk for such illnesses. Whereas the neurophysiologic mechanisms that regulate default-mode connectivity are unclear, there is growing evidence that genetic factors play a role. In this report, we ACY-738 research buy estimate the importance of genetic effects on the default-mode network by examining covariation patterns in functional connectivity among 333 individuals from 29 randomly selected extended pedigrees. Heritability for default-mode functional connectivity was 0.424 +/- 0.17 (P = 0.0046). Although neuroanatomic variation in this network was also heritable, the genetic factors that influence default-mode functional connectivity and gray-matter density seem to be distinct, suggesting that unique genes influence the structure and function of the network. In contrast, significant genetic correlations between regions within the network provide evidence that the same genetic factors contribute to variation in functional connectivity throughout the default mode. Specifically, the left parahippocampal region was genetically correlated with all other network regions.

05) and significant increase for FFM (P<0.05) in the PLRT and GIRT groups after the 10 week period, while it remained unchanged

in PL and GI groups. Furthermore, Mean BMI, HDL, LDL and triglyceride remained unchanged in all groups (p>0.05). For the base of these results suggested resistance training has been an effective therapeutic devise to favourable changes in lipid profiles and body composition in obese individual. Moreover, ginger consumption in 1 gr/day dose did not cause any significant effects.”
“Background-The incidence and impact of clinical stroke and silent radiographic cerebral EVP4593 manufacturer infarction complicating open surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) are poorly characterized. Methods and Results-We performed a prospective cohort study of subjects bigger than = 65 years of age who were undergoing AVR for calcific aortic stenosis. Subjects were evaluated by neurologists preoperatively and postoperatively and underwent postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Over a 4-year period,

196 subjects were enrolled at 2 sites (mean age, 75.8 +/- 6.2 years; 36% women; 6% nonwhite). Clinical strokes were detected in 17%, transient Selleck PR-171 ischemic attack in 2%, and in-hospital mortality was 5%. The frequency of stroke in the Society for Thoracic Surgery database in this cohort was 7%. Most strokes were mild; the median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was 3 (interquartile range, 1-9). Clinical stroke was associated with increased length of stay (median, 12 versus 10 days; P=0.02). Moderate or severe stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale bigger than = 10) occurred in 8 (4%) and was strongly associated with in-hospital mortality (38% versus 4%; P=0.005). Of the 109 stroke-free subjects with postoperative magnetic resonance imaging, silent infarct was identified in 59 (54%). Silent infarct was not associated with in-hospital mortality or increased length of stay. Conclusions-Clinical

stroke after AVR was more common than reported previously, more than double for this same cohort in the Society PI3K inhibitor for Thoracic Surgery database, and silent cerebral infarctions were detected in more than half of the patients undergoing AVR. Clinical stroke complicating AVR is associated with increased length of stay and mortality.”
“A series of highly luminescent oxadiazole-based stilbene molecules (OXD4, OXD8, OXD10, and OXD12) exhibiting interesting enantiotropic liquid crystalline and gelation properties have been synthesized and characterized. The molecules possessing longer alkyl substituents, OXD10 and OXD12, possess a pseudodisc shape and are capable of behaving as supergelators in nonpolar solvents, forming self-standing gels with very high thermal and mechanical stability.

e., 10 mu g/mL). (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Allergic conjunctivitis is characterized by allergen-specific IgE in the serum and infiltration of eosinophils into the conjunctiva. The role of IgE and mast cells in allergic conjunctivitis is largely unknown, however.\n\nObjectives: We investigated the importance of conjunctival mast cells in a murine model of IgE-mediated allergic conjunctivitis.\n\nMethods: IgE-mediated allergic conjunctivitis was initiated in C57BL/6-Kit(+/+) wild-type mice, mast cell-deficient Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice, and Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice that had been subconjunctivally or systemically engrafted with bone marrow-derived,

cultured mast cells (BMCMCs) A-1210477 nmr from Kit(+/+) wild-type mice, and clinical symptoms and infiltration of eosinophil of the eyes were evaluated. Total

numbers of mast cells in the conjunctiva were counted, and LY2603618 the phenotypes of these cells were characterized by means of immunostaining and PCR analysis of murine mast cell proteases.\n\nResults: No mast cells were detected in the conjunctiva or eyelid dermis of adult Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice. Subconjunctival injection of BMCMCs resulted in local mast cell reconstitution, with the numbers of reconstituted mast cells in the conjunctiva and eyelid dermis comparable with those observed in wild-type Kit(+/+) littermates. Reconstituted and naive conjunctival mast cells expressed proteases ascribed to connective tissue-type mast cells but not mucosal mast cells. Passive transfer of ragweed-specific Bafilomycin A1 concentration IgE followed by antigen challenge resulted in both early-phase

clinical symptoms and late-phase eosinophilic inflammation in Kit(+/+) mice. These responses, which were significantly decreased in Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice, were restored on reconstitution of the conjunctival mast cell population.\n\nConclusions: These results suggest a direct contribution of IgE-activated mast cells to both the early-phase reaction and late-phase inflammation during ocular allergy. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;124:827-33.)”
“Purpose. Polysaccharides such as chondroitin play a potent role in tumor growth, tissue repair and angiogenesis. These properties make chondroitin a good candidate for novel drug delivery systems. Diammine dicarboxylic acid platinum (DDAP), a novel polymeric platinum compound, was developed by conjugating the platinum analogue to aspartate-chondroitin for drug delivery to tumor cells. DDAP improves platinum solubility which may reduce systemic toxicity and be more efficacious than cisplatin in killing tumor cells.\n\nMethods. We tested and compared the cytotoxic effects of DDAP and CDDP on the platinum-sensitive 2008 and A2780 ovarian cancer cell lines and their platinum-resistant sublines 2008.C13 and A2780cis; we also investigated DDAP’s mechanism of action.\n\nResults.

The influence of methyl groups at C-22 on their biological activity was examined. It was established that both in vitro and in vivo activity is strongly P005091 in vitro dependent on the configuration of the stereogenic centers at C-20 and C-22. Introduction of the second methyl group at C-22 (analogues 5 and 6) generates the compounds that are slightly more potent than 1 alpha,25-(OH)(2)D-3

in the in vitro tests but much less potent in vivo. The greatest in vitro and in vivo biological activity was achieved when the C-20 is in the S configuration and the C-22 is in the R configuration. The building blocks for the synthesis, the respective (20R,22R)-, (20R,22S)-, (20S,22R)-, and (20S,22S)-diols, were obtained by fractional crystallization of mixtures of the corresponding diastereomers. Structures and absolute configurations of the diols 21a, 21b, and 22a as well as analogues 3a, 5, and 6 were confirmed by the X-ray crystallography.”
“To develop formulations of carnosic acid nanoparticles and to assess their in FK506 vivo efficacy to enhance the expression of neurotrophins in rat model. Carnosic acid loaded chitosan nanoparticles were

prepared by ionotropic gelation technique using central composite design. Response surface methodology was used to assess the effect of three factors namely chitosan concentration (0.1-1% w/v), tri-poly phosphate concentration (0.1-1% w/v) and sonication time (2-10 min) on the response variables such as particle size, zeta potential, drug encapsulation efficiency and drug release. The neurotrophins level in the rat brain upon intranasal administration histone deacetylase activity of optimized batch of carnosic acid nanoparticles was determined. The experimental values for the formulation were in good agreement with those predicted by the mathematical

models. A single intranasal administration of the optimized formulation of carnosic acid nanoparticles was sufficient to result in comparable levels of endogenous neurotrophins level in the brain that was almost on par with four, once a day intranasal administration of solution in rats. The results clearly demonstrated the fact that nanoparticulate drug delivery system for intranasal administration of carnosic acid would require less number of administrations to elicit the required pharmacological activity owing to its ability to localize on the olfactory mucosal region and provide controlled delivery of carnosic acid for prolonged time periods.”
“Cutaneous melanoma is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. Malignant transformation of epidermal melanocytes is a multifactorial process involving cell cycle and death control pathways. The purpose of this study was to analyze the immunohistochemical expression of cell-cycle-related and apoptosis-related proteins in cutaneous superficial spreading melanomas using the tissue microarray technique to further understand tumor development A total of 20 samples of in-situ melanomas and 44 melanomas <= 1.

In this paper a layer-wise theory for the structural analysis of glass and photovoltaic laminates is developed. Starting from governing equations for individual layers, kinematical constraints and appropriate interaction forces, a twelfth order system of partial differential equations is derived. The primary variables in the theory include the Airy stress Galardin nmr function, the deflection function and the vector of relative in-plane displacements of skin layers. For symmetric laminates a system of uncoupled differential equations with respect to scalar potentials is

presented. Three of them correspond to the first order shear deformation plate. The new additional second order differential equation provides a correction function according to the layer-wise theory. Closed form analytical solutions for a plate strip are derived to illustrate the essential influence of this correction for laminates Vorinostat cell line with soft core layer. The importance of additional boundary conditions is shown for examples of free and framed plate edges. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Extracellular nucleitides and their metabolites activate ionotropic

P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptors on the surface of various types of cells. Here, we investigated the involvement of P2X and P2Y receptor-mediated signaling in TCR-dependent T cell activation. Murine T cells were activated by stimulation of TCR, and both CD25 expression and interleukin (IL)-2 production were observed in activated T cells. Ecto-nucleotidase apyrase and P2Y(6) antagonist MRS2578 significantly blocked the increases of check details both CD25 expression and IL-2 production, and P2X(7) antagonists A438079 and oxidized ATP inhibited IL-2 production rather than CD25 expression, suggesting the involvement of P2Y(6) and P2X(7)

receptors in different processes of T cell activation. MRS2578 also blocked TCR-dependent elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ in T cells. The P2X(7) and P2Y(6) receptors were expressed in murine CD4 T cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that activation of P2Y(6) and P2X(7) receptors contributes to T cell activation via TCR. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is the major regulator of tissue factor (TF)-induced coagulation. It down regulates coagulation by binding to the TF/fVIIa complex in a fXa dependent manner. It is predominantly produced by microvascular endothelial cells, though it is also found in platelets, monocytes, smooth muscle cells, and plasma. Its physiological importance is demonstrated by the embryonic lethality observed in TFPI knockout mice and by the increase in thrombotic burden that occurs when heterozygous TFPI mice are bred with mice carrying genetic risk factors for thrombotic disease, such as factor V Leiden.

Insulin sensitivity was evaluated selleck screening library by an insulin sensitivity index derived from OGTT (IS(OGTT)), whereas insulin secretion was calculated as a ratio of the total

area under the insulin curve to the total area under the glucose curve (AUC(ins/glu)). Beta cell function in relation to insulin sensitivity (i.e. disposition index) was derived from the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion (i.e. AUC(ins/glu) x IS(OGTT)). In women diagnosed with GDM (n=57), the disposition index was significantly lower than that in those without GDM, irrespective of obesity. The disposition index in women with GDM was significantly correlated with levels of fasting and mean preprandial capillary glucose and HbA1c before initiating insulin therapy (r = -0.45, -0.38, -0.49, respectively). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation

between the disposition YM155 clinical trial index and total insulin dosage to achieve glycemic goal (r = -0.41). In conclusion, we demonstrated beta cell dysfunction in Japanese women with GDM irrespective of obesity. The level of beta cell dysfunction in GDM was associated with the severity of glucose intolerance and total insulin dosage required. These findings underpin clinical significance of beta cell dysfunction in GDM.”
“Metallothioneins (MTs) are ubiquitous cysteine-rich proteins with a high affinity for divalent metal ions such as Zn-II, Cu-I and Cd-II that are involved in metal ion homeostasis and detoxification, as well as protection against reactive oxygen species. Here we show the NMR solution structure

of the beta(E)-domain of the early cysteine-labeled protein (E-c-1) from Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor wheat (beta(E)-E-c-1), which represents the first three-dimensional structure of a plant MT. The beta(E)-domain comprises the 51 C-terminal residues of E-c-1 and exhibits a distinctive unprecedented structure with two separate metal-biricling centers, a mononuclear Zn-II binding site constituted by two cysteine and two highly conserved histidine residues as found in certain zinc-finger motifs, and a cluster formed by three Zn-II ions coordinated by nine Cys residues that resembles the cluster in the beta-domain of vertebrate MTs. Cys-metal ion connectivities were determined by exhaustive structure calculations for all 7560 possible configurations of the three-metal cluster. Backbone dynamics investigated by N-15 relaxation experiments support the results of the structure determination in that beta(E)-E-c-1 is a rigidly folded polypeptide. To further investigate the influence of metal ion binding on the stability of the structure, we replaced Zn-II with Cd-II ions and examined the effects of metal ion release on incubation with a metal. ion chelator. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Understanding the relationships between the characteristics of coating materials and the

accompanying anti-fouling mechanisms is critical for preparing PDMS coatings with desirable anti-fouling properties.”
“Sympathoactivation may be excessive during exercise in subjects with hypertension, leading to increased susceptibility to adverse cardiovascular events, including arrhythmias, infarction, stroke, and sudden cardiac death. The muscle metaboreflex is a powerful cardiovascular Small molecule library cell assay reflex capable of eliciting marked increases in sympathetic activity during exercise. We used conscious, chronically instrumented dogs trained to run on a motor-driven treadmill to investigate the effects of hypertension on the mechanisms of the muscle metaboreflex. Experiments were performed before and 30.9 +/- 4.2 days after induction of hypertension, which was induced via partial, unilateral renal artery occlusion. After induction of hypertension, resting mean arterial pressure was significantly elevated from 98.2 +/- 2.6 to 141.9 +/- 7.4 mmHg. The hypertension was caused by elevated total peripheral resistance. Although cardiac output was not significantly Selleck BAY 63-2521 different at rest or during exercise after induction of hypertension, the rise in cardiac

output with muscle metaboreflex activation was significantly reduced in hypertension. Metaboreflex-induced increases in left ventricular function were also depressed. These attenuated cardiac responses caused a smaller metaboreflex-induced rise in mean arterial pressure.

We conclude that the ability of the muscle metaboreflex to elicit increases in cardiac function is impaired in hypertension, which may contribute to exercise intolerance.”
“Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is a rare malignant tumor in the differential diagnosis of other small, round blue cell tumors, including atypical teratoid tumor in the central nervous system (CNS) and rhabdomyosarcoma in the musculoskeletal (MSK) locations. We reviewed the morphology of CNS and MSK cases and applied a panel of immunostains. Archival cases were pulled from our files. Imunohistochemistry and follow-up were obtained. Twenty-two cases included 5 CNS (all female; mean age, 30.2) and 17 MSK (11 female and 6 male; mean age, 31.1). Both CNS and MSK examples Barasertib inhibitor had similar round cells, staghorn vascular pattern, increased mitotic activity, and centrally located hyaline cartilage islands. The CNS examples demonstrated more spindling and the MSK cases more necrosis. INI1 was retained in all tumors studied. Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and desmin were expressed focally in 35% and 50% of cases, respectively. The round cells of all cases were negative for MyoD1, myogenin, smooth muscle actin (SMA), glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), keratins, and estrogen receptor, as well as a panel of other antiobodies.

H. pylori status was confirmed 6 weeks after therapy. Three hundred seven H. pylori-infected participants were randomized to receive triple (n = 103), sequential (n = 102), or concomitant (n = 102) therapies. The eradication rates by an intention-to-treat analysis in the CA4P mouse three treatment groups were 81.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 74.1% to 89.0%), 89.2% (95% CI, 83.2% to 95.2%), and 94.1% (95% CI, 89.5% to 98.7%). The seven-day concomitant therapy had a higher eradication rate than did the 7-day triple therapy (difference, 12.5%; 95% CI, 3.7% to 21.3%). There were no significant differences in the eradication rates between the sequential and standard triple therapies.

All three treatments

exhibited similar frequencies of adverse events (8.7%, 8.8%, and 13.7%, respectively) and drug compliance (99.0%, 98.0%, and 100.0%, respectively). In conclusion, the seven-day concomitant therapy is superior to the 7-day standard triple therapy for H. pylori eradication. Additionally, it is less complex than the 10-day sequential MDV3100 clinical trial therapy because the drugs are not changed halfway through the treatment course.”
“Industrial wastewaters often consist of a complex chemical cocktail with treatment of target contaminants complicated by adverse chemical reactions. The impact of metal ions (Cd2+, Ba2+ and Mn2+) on the kinetics of fluoride removal from solution by natural zeolite was investigated. In order to better understand the kinetics, the pseudo-second order (PSO), Hill (Hill 4 and Hill 5) and intra-particle diffusion (IPD) models were applied. Model fitting was compared using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and the Schwarz Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). The Hill models (Hill 4 and Hill 5) were found to be superior in describing the fluoride removal processes due to the sigmoidal nature of the kinetics. Results indicate that the presence of Mn (100 mg L-1) and Cd (100 mg L-1) Smoothened Agonist respectively increases the rate of fluoride sorption by a factor of similar to 283 and similar to 10.9, the maximum sorption capacity

is increased by similar to 2.2 and,similar to 1.7. The presence of Ba (100 mgL(-1)) initially inhibited fluoride removal and very poor fits were obtained for all models. Fitting was best described with a biphasic sigmoidal model with the degree of inhibition decreasing with increasing temperature suggesting that at least two processes are involved with fluoride sorption onto natural zeolite in the presence of Ba. Crown Copyright (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The JAK/STAT pathway is essential for organogenesis, innate immunity, and stress responses in Drosophila melanogaster. The JAK/STAT pathway and its associated regulators have been highly conserved in evolution from flies to humans.

Additional experiments suggested the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family to be implicated in the regulation of EGFR promoter activity in KRAS-mutated tumor cells by suppressing EGFR transcription through up-regulation of the inhibitory family member

C/EBP beta-LIP. Thus, siRNA-mediated knockdown of C/EBP beta led to enhanced EGFR expression and Ab-mediated cytotoxicity against KRAS-mutated cells. Together, these results demonstrate that KRAS(G12V) signaling induced C/EBP beta-dependent suppression of EGFR expression, thereby impairing Fc-mediated effector mechanisms of EGFR-Abs and rendering KRAS-mutated tumor cells less sensitive to these therapeutic agents.”
“Objective To examine the association between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and simultaneous presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and depressive symptoms (DS) based on a population-based FIN-D2D cross-sectional survey Stem Cells & Wnt inhibitor conducted in 2007\n\nMethods 4500 randomly selected Finnish men and women aged 45-74 years were initially enrolled 2868 (64%) attended a health examination

Participants with complete information (n=2778) were grouped into three LTPA categories low moderate and high MetS was based on the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria and DS on the Beck Depression Inventory (>= INCB024360 in vitro 10 points)\n\nResults The prevalence of MetS and DS were 53% and 15% respectively the prevalence of simultaneous MetS and DS was 10% The proportion of subjects with MetS DS and simultaneous presence of MetS and DS increased with decreasing LTPA (p<0 001)

On multivariate ordered analysis LTPA was related to education years household income smoking and the presence of MetS only DS only and simultaneous MetS and DS\n\nConclusion The prevalence of simultaneous MetS and DS was higher in participants with low LTPA compared with participants with high LTPA. Furthermore LTPA level was associated with socioeconomic status and other health related outcomes outlining the Importance of LTPA as part of the general health promotion (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved”
“Green InGaN/GaN based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are fabricated both on planar and wet-etched patterned sapphire substrates by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE). Their photoluminescence (PL) properties check details of the two samples are studied. The results indicate that the PL integral intensity of the green LED on the patterned substrate is nearly two times of that on the planar one within the whole measured temperature range. The enhanced PL intensity in the green LED on the patterned substrate is shown completely contributed from the extraction efficiency, but not from the internal quantum efficiency. The conclusion is supported by temperature-dependent PL analysis on the two samples, and the mechanisms are discussed.”
“This paper provides results of an experimental study of turbulent flow near trashrack models that are comprised of an array of three rectangular bars.

One patient had a unilateral ventral intermediate lead placement for essential tremor, and the other LDK378 mw had bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) placement for Parkinson’s disease. After a period of symptom control, at 3 and 8 months after surgery, respectively, both patients developed new neurological deficits and were found to have a cyst at the left DBS lead tip. The right lead in the patient with the bilateral STN implant was without issue.

Both affected leads were removed and the problematic symptoms regressed quickly over several days, though the lesion effect on the patients’ initial tremor symptoms lasted for months. Bacteriological cultures of the removed electrodes and wounds were negative. We report a rare complication of DBS and show that simply

removing the involved lead results in cyst resolution. Copyright (C) 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“The purpose of this study was to develop a semistructured interview for the Japanese version of the Early Signs Scale (ESS-JI), as well as to examine its reliability and validity. We conducted a cross-sectional study in Japan. Participants were recruited from a psychiatric clinic. The survey included 25 participants with schizophrenia; of these, 21 participants gave informed consent. For the analysis, we used data from 15 outpatients who had no missing values on the ESS-JI. Of the participants, 70% were female, and the mean age was 41.2 years. The ABT-263 nmr ESS-JI was developed by the authors using a translation back-translation procedure. Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, and test-retest reliability was assessed by Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Correlations PLK inhibitor with other scales, such as the Behaviour and Symptom Identification Scale (BASIS-32) and the Self-Efficacy for Community Living Scale (SECL), were used to examine

the concurrent and construct validity of the ESS-JI. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were high for the ESS-JI. Pearson’s correlation coefficients also indicated good test-retest reliability. The ESS-JI was significantly and positively correlated with the BASIS-32. In contrast, the ESS-JI had a significant negative correlation, with the SECL. This study confirmed the reliability and validity of the ESS-JI for outpatients with schizophrenia.”
“A small scale documentation analysis was conducted to explore the medical and surgical nursing content of the patient record at a large teaching hospital affiliated with Partners Healthcare System (PHS), in preparation for a computerized documentation system. Through this study, we identified a number of problems associated with the paper record that require resolution in the new computerized system, including elimination of documentation redundancy, areas where more structure is needed to properly capture data on nursing practice, and various design considerations to support a more complete and accurate documentation of nursing care. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd.