6 mm i.d.

5 μm particle size. The mobile phases consisted of A (water–acetonitrile–acetic acid, 67:32:1 v/v/v) and B (water–acetic acid, 99:1 v/v). The gradient elution conditions were as follows: 0 min (20% A + 80% B); 4 min (30% A + 70% B); 8 min (40% A + 60% B); 12 min (65% A + 35% B); 16 min (80% A + 20% B); 20 min (95% A + 5% B); 21.8 min (97% A + 3% B); 24 min (100% A) and 60 min (100% A). The flow rate was 0.8 mL min−1 and the injection volume was 20 μL ( Quirós, Lage-Yusty, & López-Hernández, 2009). Before analysis, wines were filtered with a 0.45 μm filter with a PTFE membrane (Millipore, São Paulo, Brazil). The programmable variable wavelength UV–Vis detector system allows detection at different wavelengths; so λ = 360 nm was set to rutin and kaempferol LY2109761 and λ = 373 nm was set to myricetin and quercetin. The fluorescence detector was set at λem = 392 nm and λex = 300 nm for trans-resveratrol. buy GDC-0973 Data were presented as mean ± pooled standard deviation. A bivariate linear correlation matrix of the data, displayed in Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r), was produced to measure the association between the response variables, and the significance (p-value) of such correlations was also provided. Retail price, antioxidant activity measured by ORAC and DPPH, and overall sensory perception of quality were used to classify

the set of red wines using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) ( Fig. 1). For this purpose, the values were autoscaled, and

sample similarities were calculated based on the Euclidean distance and the Ward hierarchical agglomerative method. To characterise the red wines in each of the four suggested clusters, Hartley’s or Levene’s test was applied to check for homogeneity of variances, and one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD post hoc tests were then conducted to identify contrasts among clusters. For the variables that presented non-homogenous variances (p < 0.05), the equivalent to ANOVA non-parametric test was used. p-Values below 0.05 were considered significant. Statistica 9.0 software (Stat-Soft, Tulsa, OK, USA) was used for all statistical procedures. The results (Table 1) showed that the inhibition of DPPH ranged from 47.93% to 66.70%, while HSP90 the ORAC results varied from 13.87 mmol to 35.11 mmol TE/L. The redness of the wine varieties, measured by the a∗ coordinate, ranged from 39.17 to 52.60, while the colour intensity (C∗) ranged from 43.14 to 64.61. The phenolic compound contents varied within grape varieties and also within countries, as observed in Table 2: trans-resveratrol (1.56–4.30 mg/L), quercetin (5.18–21.81 mg/L), rutin (0.83–4.19), gallic acid (13.88–69.87 mg/L), caffeic acid (2.74–4.95 mg/L), epicatechin (19.75–44.53 mg/L), catechin (59.15–149.14 mg/L), myricetin (13.03–46.69 mg/L), ferulic acid (0.55–1.45 mg/L), p-coumaric acid (4.40–10.73 mg/L), vanillic acid (0.00–1.

, 2010, Anema et al., 2005 and Ishak et al., 2006). Milk-clotting activity exerted by PP did not change when milk was heated up to 30 and 50 °C. However, the activity using milk heated up to 70 °C VX809 as substrate was higher (3.6 U) than when non-heated

milk (1.8 U) was used. Similarly, the milk-clotting activities from goat (Capra hircus) chymosin and C. scolymus flower extracts have been reported to reach the highest value when the milk was heated up to temperatures above 50 °C ( Chazarra et al., 2007 and Kumar et al., 2006). Protein aggregation by heating of milk has been related to the increasing of milk clotting activity ( Nájera, Renobales, & Barron, 2003). Bovine αs-, β-, and κ-caseins were used as substrates to determine the specificity of caseinolytic activity from PP. The enzyme reactions were monitored by absorbance at 366 nm. Fig. 2A shows that hydrolysis of κ-casein by PP started after 30 min of incubation, while degradation

of αs- and β-casein could only be detected after 60 min. Incubation for longer periods (120 min and 24 h) did not lead to any considerable improvement in degradation of αs- and β-caseins by PP, though hydrolysis of κ-casein increased over 4 times (Fig. 2A). Oppositely, milk-clotting enzymes from C. cardunculus flowers have been reported to hydrolyse αs-casein better than β-casein, and was less effective in cleaving κ-casein ( Ordiales et al., 2012). Chymosin is the major enzyme of calf rennet, and it has been extensively used in the dairy industry to produce a stable curd with good flavour due to its GSK1120212 purchase high specificity for the κ-casein (Rao, Tanksale, Ghatge, & Deshpande, 1998). Thus, this enzyme was used as a benchmark positive control. Specificity of PP for bovine caseins was similar to that

of chymosin, which extensively cleaved κ-casein and promoted very slight hydrolysis of αs- and β-caseins (Fig. 2B). On the other hand, the time course of κ-casein hydrolysis by PP was slower than that by chymosin (Fig. 2). However, unlike chymosin, PP is a partially purified protease preparation PLEK2 and thus the protein concentration reflects the amount of flower extract proteins that were precipitated with ammonium sulphate. The molecular masses of bovine αs-, β-, and κ-caseins on SDS–PAGE were between 20 and 25 kDa (Fig. 3), values that were similar to those reported by Dalgleish (1990). The degrees of casein hydrolysis by PP and chymosin were also evaluated by the reduction of αs-, β-, and κ-caseins bands on SDS–PAGE, since peptides from casein proteolysis can be quantified by gel scanning, followed by densitometry (Cavalli et al., 2008 and Franco et al., 2001). The densitogram revealed that the intensities of αs-casein bands (Fig. 3A, lanes 1 and 2) did not fall after incubation with PP for 10 to 120 min.

4%), wheat (2.7%) and corn (1.7%) (Alvarez-Jubete, Arendt, et al., 2010). This is in particular important for celiac disease patients, where the intake of fiber in the gluten-free diet is considered to be inadequate, and thus the incorporation of quinoa seeds in their diets should help alleviate, at least in part, their deficit in fiber intake (Alvarez-Jubete,

Arendt, et al., 2010). The polysaccharides that compose the dietary fiber of quinoa have attracted our attention, and there is no report in the literature about their structures. Polysaccharides have beneficial effects on health and are ubiquitous in plant foods. To better understand the bio-functionality of polysaccharides scientific elucidation of the structures responsible for the beneficial effect is very important (Yamada, Kiyohara, & Matsumoto, 2003). Thus, in this work the chemical composition, structural features

and gastroprotective INCB024360 nmr activity of arabinan and arabinan-rich pectic polysaccharides isolated from the seeds of DNA-PK inhibitor quinoa (C. quinoa) have been described. Seeds of C. quinoa were purchased at local market (QUINUA REAL®). The total lipid quantitation was performed by the method of Bligh and Dyer (1959). Fractions were carboxy-reduced by the carbodiimide method (Taylor & Conrad, 1972), using NaBH4 as the reducing agent, giving products with the –COOH groups of its uronic acid residues reduced to –CH2OH. Seeds of quinoa (466.6 g) were milled and then deffated with acetone, in order to remove lipids,

pigments and other hydrophobic material. The polysaccharides were extracted from the residue with water at 60 °C for 4 h (8×, 1 l each). The aqueous extracts were obtained by centrifugation (3860g, 20 min at 25 °C), joined and concentrated under reduced pressure. The polysaccharides were precipitated with EtOH (3 vol.) and freeze-dried, giving fraction QW. The remaining residue was then extracted twice (1 l each) with aq. 10% KOH, at 100 °C for 4 h and the alkaline extracts were neutralized with acetic acid, dialyzed for 48 h with tap water, concentrated under reduced pressure and freeze-dried, originating fractions QK1 and QK2. In order to remove starch, fractions QW, QK1 and QK2 were extensively tuclazepam treated with α-amylase (from Bacillus licheniformis, Sigma A3403) and dialyzed. Moreover, to remove proteins, they were treated with 10% aqueous trichloroacetic acid and/or Pronase (Roche) and newly dialyzed. Then, a freeze–thaw treatment was applied in these fractions, to give cold-water soluble fractions SQW, SQK1 and SQK2. In this procedure, the sample was frozen and then thaw at room temperature. Insoluble polysaccharides were recovered by centrifugation. The cold-water soluble polysaccharides were purified by sequential ultrafiltration through membranes (Millipore) with cut-offs of 100 kDa (PLHK04710-Ultracel), 30 kDa (PLTK04710-Ultracel) and 10 kDa (PLGC04710-Ultracel).

We measured metabolites of these compounds in first morning urine and used a questionnaire to obtain information on

potential exposure sources and factors. In general, children had higher levels of phthalate metabolites in urine than the mothers, except for a phthalate metabolite associated with the use of cosmetics (MEP). The mothers had higher levels of parabens associated with a frequent use of cosmetic products. We found comparatively low levels of BPA and TCS in urine. PVC in the home environment is a strong predictor for exposure to phthalates. Previous studies have shown that dust in houses with PVC flooring contains higher levels of BBzP and DEHP (Bornehag et al., 2005) and that individuals living in houses with PVC in flooring or wall coverings have higher urinary levels of MBzP, the corresponding metabolite to BBzP (Carlstedt et al., 2013). In the current study, Selleck Obeticholic Acid PVC in the home environment was associated with higher urinary levels of MBzP and MnBP. Families living in the rural area and having lower education were more likely to have PVC in their homes. Therefore, the effect of PVC may explain why mother–child couples in the rural area and with low education had higher levels of MnBP and MBzP.

Besides PVC in the home environment, phthalate exposure is associated with consumption of certain Entinostat cell line foods. Phthalates can be found in a wide range of food groups on the retail market and previous studies have shown that food is the main exposure source for high molecular weight phthalates, whereas humans are exposed to low molecular weight phthalates, such as BBzP, DnBP and diethyl phthalate (DEP), from other sources than food, i.e. PVC plastics, paints and cosmetics (Fierens et al., 2012, Fromme et al., 2007, Koch et al., 2013, Schecter et al., 2013 and Wittassek et al., 2011). In the present study, consumption of ice cream among children and chocolate among mothers was significantly correlated with higher levels of urinary phthalate metabolites

originating from high molecular weight phthalates (DEHP and DiNP), indicating migration of these phthalates into the Selleck Sirolimus food through the production or packaging of food. Few studies have investigated the importance of specific foods for the dietary intake of phthalates. An American study combining urinary levels of phthalates and 24 hour dietary recalls of meat, poultry, fish, dairy and vegetable consumption found the strongest correlations between urinary DEHP metabolites and consumption of poultry as well as between urinary MEP and vegetable consumption (Colacino et al., 2010). Sioen et al. (2012) performed an intake assessment of phthalates in the Belgian population, using food consumption data and phthalate concentrations in foods. The assessment showed that bread was the major contributor to the DEHP intake in both adults and children.

Two coders watched the video and used a custom-made python program

in order to measure the searching time for the N − 1th puppet, the time the child searched for a Nth puppet (within the 8-s time window starting when the N − 1th puppet was placed on the tree), and the time of occurrence of the question closing the trial, with respect to this searching window. Twenty-eight check details of the 324 trials were excluded from analyses, for experimenter error (4), excessive distraction (9), searching for the N − 1th puppet for more than 10 s (9 trials + 1 other trial where searching time for the N − 1th puppet could not be assessed), unclear searching behavior (2), or closing question asked too early (3). Because analyses were meaningful only if a child contributed data both in a trial where the box was expected to be empty and in a trial where the box was expected to contain one puppet, this resulted MK8776 in the exclusion of 0–9 children from the analyses in each experiment. When searching time was measured, the tape was played at slow speed (1/6), and each coder recorded searching by pressing

keys on separate gamepads. The following behaviors were included in the searching time: (1) reaching inside the box (from the moment the child’s hand entered the box to the moment it exited), (2) looking inside the box (from

the moment the child’s gaze was aligned with the opening of the box to the moment the child looked away), and (3) shaking the box to listen for noise (from the moment the child picked up the box to the moment when the shaking ended or the box was returned to the table). One of the coders was the experimenter, who advanced the tape at Farnesyltransferase appropriate places. The other coder was blind to the condition and to the hypotheses. The program recorded agreement between coders by sampling their judgment (search/no search) every 30 ms. If the agreement was under 90% (16/279 trials), a second measurement was attempted, and the most convergent measurement was kept for analyses. For the final sample of 279 trials, the average agreement between the two coders was 98.8% (97.4% if considering only the trials with non-zero searching time). Analyses were conducted on the mean of the searching times measured by the two coders. Results were analyzed using ANOVAs with one between- or within- subject factor for Condition (if appropriate), and one within-subject factor for Outcome (box expected empty vs.

16 showing a 1.2 log10 reduction at this concentration (Fig. 4A). In previous studies 226/8.1 showed a higher neutralizing activity than 133/3.16 (Takada et al., 2003), clearly corresponding to our results. For testing of the DsiRNA, 293 cells were pretransfected with a DsiRNA directed against L (targeting the same region as the siRNA EK1, that has been successfully used to protect both guinea pigs and NHPs against lethal EBOV challenge (Geisbert et al., 2006 and Geisbert et al., 2010)) Docetaxel clinical trial or control DsiRNAs, and then infected with 100

TCID50 (equivalent to an MOI of 0.005) of rgEBOV-luc2. After two days, reporter activity was measured, and as expected we observed a clear drop in reporter activity of about 2 log10 at the highest amount of DsiRNA used, and smaller reductions of reporter activity at lower amounts of DsiRNA (Fig. 4B). No effects of the control DsiRNAs were observed, indicating that the reduction in reporter activity was due to a sequence specific effect of the DsiRNA on virus replication. Antiviral screening of EBOV poses unique challenges. While reporter-expressing recombinant EBOVs have enabled rapid detection of infection, the need for a BSL4 laboratory when working with live virus remains, making fully automated high-throughput screenings for

these viruses challenging. However, screening of libraries Dolutegravir manufacturer containing several thousand compounds in a 96-well format is feasible, as was recently demonstrated

(Panchal et al., 2012), and rgEBOV-luc2 is highly amenable to be used in such a screen. rgEBOV-luc2 also has several advantages over eGFP-expressing EBOVs, including its ease of use (no requirement for removal of samples from BSL4, very little labor intensive), low equipment costs and the ability to use either a much lower infectious dose, or alternatively the much faster readout times when using higher infectious doses. These faster readout times, in addition to obvious practical advantages, also mean that compounds with a low stability in culture medium can be more reliably screened. However, too short readout times also have to be avoided, since otherwise the virus does not have time to complete a full life cycle, which Interleukin-2 receptor would results in inhibitors of late stages of the virus life cycle (e.g. budding inhibitors) not being recognized in the screen. In contrast, high-content screening, which so far is the most extensively used screening approach that has been performed with EBOV-GFP, requires extensive and costly automated imaging equipment. Until now this kind of screening has relied on a multistep approach in which cells are first infected in a BSL4 laboratory for several days, and then fixed for several days in formalin before they are analyzed under BSL2 conditions (of course we cannot exclude the possibility that despite the very complex technology high-content imaging will in future become available under BSL4 conditions).

Participants sat in a chair with a handle attached to the back to allow efficient movement between the frontal and abducted positions. The chair was attached to a rotating base on which plus and minus 40° and 20° were marked enabling the experimenter to accurately rotate the chair in either direction. Likewise, the chin rest could be rotated to ±40° and ±20°. The experiment was completed in a dark room. Participants used their dominant eye and their non-dominant eye was patched. Participants sat two meters away from the experimenter, extended their arms and brought their hands together in front of their eyes, leaving only a small gap through buy Pembrolizumab which they could see the experimenter’s nose. The eye that the

experimenter could see through this gap was recorded as the participant’s dominant eye. If the right eye was dominant, the left eye was patched and the participant was rotated to the left. Stimuli were presented on either side of a central fixation spot. In the case of the right eye being dominant, as shown in Fig. 1A, the temporal hemifield was the right side of the screen. There were six conditions: Frontal Temporal, Frontal Nasal, Abducted 20° Temporal, Abducted 20° Nasal, Abducted 40° Temporal, Abducted 40° Nasal. In the abducted conditions participants started each trial with their bodies and heads turned 20° or 40° to either the left or IPI-145 nmr right. After the presentation of

the stimuli they were rotated back to the front. This meant that participants encoded the stimuli in the abducted position but rehearsed it and recalled it in the frontal position. In the frontal condition participants faced forwards for the duration of the trial, thus the eye was in the center of its orbit throughout. In all conditions participants were required to fixate on a central SSR128129E spot (0.3° visual angle) for

the whole trial. Participants completed two tasks: the visual patterns task as a measure of visual memory; and the Corsi Blocks task as a measure of spatial memory. For each task, memory span was assessed four times in each condition across two testing sessions, with each session lasting approximately 1 h 45 min. In one session participants completed half the frontal spans (2 Frontal Temporal spans and 2 Frontal Nasal spans) and all the Abducted 40° spans (8 spans) per task, and in the other session they completed the remaining half of the Frontal spans and the Abducted 20° spans. The order of the two sessions was counterbalanced. Each session was divided into 4 blocks, two for each task, with each block containing 6 spans (two abducted nasal, two abducted temporal, one frontal nasal, and one frontal temporal per block). The order of tasks was counterbalanced across participants, as was the field of presentation (Temporal, Nasal) and Eye Position (Frontal, Abducted) within blocks. Participants completed three frontal and three abducted practice trials for each task. Nine boxes, arranged in a 3 × 3 grid, were presented (Fig. 2A).

LoVo, SNU-407, DLD-1, SNU-638, AGS, KPL-4, and SK-BR-3 cells were obtained from the Korean Cell Line

Bank (Seoul, Korea). LoVo, SNU-407, DLD-1, SNU-638, AGS, KPL-4, and SK-BR-3 cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) and an antibiotic cocktail (100 U/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin), and were subcultured by trypsinization every 3–4 days. Cells were grown at 37°C and 5% CO2 in humidified air. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis was performed as described previously [10]. A 0.15-mg protein sample was applied to 13-cm immobilized nonlinear gradient strips (pH 3–10), focused at 8,000 V within 3 hours, and separated on 10% polyacrylamide gels (Serva, Heidelberg, Germany; Bio-Rad). Cell Cycle inhibitor The 2-DE gels were stained with Colloidal Coomassie Blue (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) see more for 24 hours and then

destained with deionized water. Proteins showing abnormal expression were subjected to matrix-associated laser desorption/ionization–mass spectroscopy (MALDI-MS) analysis for identification. After preincubation of LoVo cells (1×106 cells/mL) for 18 hours, G-Rp1 (0–60μM) was added to the cell suspensions and incubated for 24 hours. The cytotoxic effect of G-Rp1 was then evaluated using a conventional MTT assay, as previously reported [11] and [12]. Three hours prior to culture termination, 10 mL MTT solution (10 mg/mL in phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4) was added, and the cells were continuously cultured until termination of the experiment. Incubation was halted by addition of 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) into each well, solubilizing the formazan [13]. The absorbance at 570 nm (OD570–630) was measured using a Spectramax 250 microplate reader (BioTex, Bad Friedrichshall, mafosfamide Germany). Flow-cytometric analysis for PI staining was performed as described previously [14] and [15]. LoVo (106) cells were washed with PBS, fixed in ethanol, suspended in PI solution (1 mg/mL

RNase A, 50 micro g/mL PI, and 0.1% Triton X-100 in 3.8mM sodium citrate) and incubated on ice for 30 minutes in the dark. After washing three times with fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) buffer, PI fluorescent intensity was analyzed on a FACScan (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). LoVo cells incubated with G-Rp1 were harvested and suspended in 0.5 mL sample buffer consisting of 40mM Tris, 5M urea (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), 2M thiourea (Sigma–Aldrich), 4% 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (Sigma–Aldrich), 10mM dithiothreitol (Merck), 1mM EDTA (Merck), and a mixture of protease inhibitors (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) for 45 minutes at room temperature.

5 m below m.s.l. This area became a lagoon much later than the more northern and southern parts, where the sea arrived about 7000 BP ( Canali et al., 2007) and about 6000 cal years BP ( Zecchin et al., 2009), respectively. In correspondence

with reflector (2), the salt marsh facies Lsm reveals the presence of a buried salt marsh (alternatively emerged and AZD2281 clinical trial submerged) overlaid by the mudflat facies Lm (in green in Fig. 2a). At 2.21 m, 1.89 m and 1.5 m below m.s.l., three calibrated 14C ages (Table 1) of peat and vegetal remains samples collected in salt marsh, intertidal and subtidal environments, respectively allowed us to reconstruct the evolution of the salt marsh. There was a salt marsh during the Iron Age going back to 863 BC that still existed in 459 BC (before the first stable settlements in the lagoon islands), being sometimes submerged. The salt marsh had disappeared by 240 AD during Roman Times. Core SG24 intersects a large palaeochannel (CL1, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3). The reflection pattern of the palaeochannel is about 110 m wide and extends vertically from about 2 m to about 6 m under the

bottom. The lowest high-amplitude oblique reflector corresponds to the transition from the laminated channel facies Lcl and the sandy channel facies Lcs that is not penetrated by the high frequency acoustic signal as already observed in Madricardo et al. (2007). The channel infill structure includes oblique clinoforms that are sub-parallel and of high-to-moderate amplitude. They have moderate-to-low continuity, dipping southward in the northern part of the palaeochannel. They correspond to the difference of find more acoustic impedance between layers of clayey silt and thin sandy layers within the tidal channel facies Lcl. This configuration is the result of the active lateral accretion through point bar migration of a large meander palaeochannel in an area that is now a submerged mudflat. The angle of the clinoforms decreases southwards suggesting

a phase of lower energy and decreased sediment grain-size. A slightly wavy low amplitude horizon at about 3 m below m.s.l. suggests the decrease or even the end of the activity of the channel. The 14C dating of plant remains at 6.56 m below m.s.l. in a highly energetic channel environment indicates learn more that the channel was already active at 819 BC. Therefore, the channel was active at the same time as the salt marsh before the first human settlements in the lagoon. The 14C dating of a shell at 2.61 m below m.s.l. in a subtidal environment confirms that the channel ceased activity in this site by 365 BC. In the upper part of the profile (for about 2 m beneath the bottom) the acoustic pattern is chaotic. This chaotic upper part corresponds to the sedimentary facies of the mudflat Lm in core SG24 (in green in Fig. 2). The study of the acoustic and sedimentary facies of the palaeochannel CL2 (in profile 2, 3 and 4 and cores SG25, SG27 and SG28 in Fig.

The UNGA also requested that FAO develop “Guidelines for the management of deep-seas fisheries on the high seas.” These Guidelines, adopted in August 2008, call for rigorous management of deep-sea fisheries throughout all stages of their development, and for keeping catch rates low until knowledge, management capacity and measures for monitoring, control and surveillance increase [143]. A review

of progress in implementing the UNGA resolution in late 2009 revealed that, while a number of RFMOs had adopted measures such as closed areas to reduce the impact of fishing on deep-sea habitats, few RFMOs had taken steps to ensure the sustainability of deep-sea fisheries [144]. As a result, the UNGA

adopted a new resolution with clear language calling for States and RFMOs not to authorize deep-sea fisheries unless an impact assessment had been performed and LY294002 in vitro measures adopted to prevent significant impacts on deep-sea ecosystems. It then explicitly called for States and RFMOs, where scientific information is uncertain, unreliable or inadequate, to “adopt precautionary management measures to ensure that fishing effort, capacity and catch levels did not exceed levels consistent with the sustainability of the fish stocks and non-target species.” [UNGA resolution 64/72, paragraph 119(d) (emphasis added) [142]. Improved adherence to the 2006 and 2009 UNGA resolutions and FAO Guidelines could help towards achieving sustainability of deep-sea

fisheries. GPX6 KRX-0401 in vitro However, until states fully implement their obligations, including through better flag state and RFMO performance, and better data, the preconditions for sustainability for deep-sea fisheries on the high seas will not be met. And as unlikely as that is in deep-sea portions of countries’ EEZs, it is even less likely on the high seas under current conditions. A UNGA review of progress by States and RFMOs in implementing the 2006 and 2009 resolutions in late 2011 provides an opportunity for all States to insist that deep-sea fisheries on the high seas be managed on a sustainable basis, or not allowed to proceed. After briefly reviewing key aspects of the biology of deep-sea fishes, the authors of this paper conclude that sustainable exploitation is feasible for very few of them under prevailing economic conditions and governance arrangements. The authors do note that catches of a handful of species can be or can give the appearance of being sustained, primarily ones that (a) can occur shallower than 200 m, (b) have relatively high population resilience and (c) are fished with low-tech, non-trawl methods. The surplus production of deep-sea fishes is generally low, but their biomass can be attractively high.