(C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: The cardiovascular system is the part of the fetal anatomy that most frequently suffers from congenital pathology. This study shows our preliminary experience with fetal cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) to evaluate congenital cardiovascular abnormalities.

Methods: Between January 2006 and June 2011, Prenatal routine obstetric ultrasound (US),

echocardiography and CMR data from 68 pregnant women carrying fetuses with congenital cardiovascular anomalies were compared BMS202 Immunology & Inflammation inhibitor with postnatal diagnoses (postnatal imagings, surgery and autopsy). All prenatal CMR was performed at 1.5 T. Imaging sequences included steady-state free-precession (SSFP) sequences, real-time SSFP and single-shot turbo spin echo (SSTSE) sequences. The images were analyzed with an anatomic segmental approach by two radiologists.

Results: Fetal CMR yielded the same diagnosis as postnatal findings in 79% (54/68) of patients. The diagnostic sensitivity of routine obstetric US for cardiac anomalies was 46% (31/68). The diagnostic sensitivity of VX-770 in vitro fetal echocardiographic examination by a fetal cardiac specialist was 82% (56/68). In 2 (3%) of 68 cases, diagnoses with

both echocardiography and CMR were incorrect when compared with postnatal diagnosis. In ten (15%) cases, diagnosis at echocardiography was incorrect and that at CMR was correct. In twelve (18%) cases, diagnosis at echocardiography was correct and that at CMR was incorrect. Ten cases missed or misdiagnosed by echocardiography but correctly diagnosed by fetal CMR included asplenia syndrome (n = 2), interrupted inferior vena cava of polysplenia syndrome (n = 1), tricuspid incompetence (n = 1), double outlet right ventricle (n = 2), double aortic arch (n = 1), right pulmonary artery hypoplasia (n = 1), right-sided aortic arch of tetralogy of Fallot (n = 1) and hypoplastic left heart syndrome of a twin fetus (n = 1).

Conclusion: Fetal CMR is a promising diagnostic tool for assessment

of congenital cardiovascular abnormalities, especially in situations that limit echocardiography.”
“Purpose of review

To describe our current understanding of the mechanisms involved BIIB057 in the regulation of linear growth in childhood obesity.

Recent findings

The developmental origins hypothesis has focused on low birth weight individuals with subsequent obesity, identifying a cascade of neuroendocrine regulatory factors involved in the progressive increase in body fat and metabolic risk. Yet, tall stature is the common clinical outcome of childhood obesity. Recent data have expanded our understanding of environmental influences on developing systems. Here, we review the elements of neuroendocrine systems contributing to the integration of metabolic controls involved in growth regulation in the obese child with particular emphasis on growth hormone, ghrelin, insulin-like growth factors and insulin.

003 and P = 0.025, respectively). During 1998-2006, an increase in TB-HIV co-infection (P = 0.009) significantly affected the notification rates of both PTB overall and MDR-TB (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). The negative impact of TB-HIV co-infection was counterbalanced by the availability of SLDs, the decrease in the MDR-TB rate and the increase in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, as confirmed by multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSION: Countrywide access to SLDs and the coordinated effect of programmatic conditions can, in parallel with increasing GDP, reverse the increasing notification rates of PTB and MDR-TB in the context of an HIV epidemic.”
“The primary infection

with the human herpesvirus (HHV) 6 usually occurs before the age of two (95%) and clinically either presents as tertian fever followed by exanthem subitum Barasertib chemical structure (10%) or even more often as febrile disease without an exanthem. In adults an active CB-5083 concentration HHV-6 infection can present as febrile illness. A 19-year-old immunocompetent patient presented with high fever, exanthem,

swelling of the lymph nodes and pancytopenia and was serologically diagnosed as active HHV-6 infection with anti-HHV-6-IgM- and -IgG antibodies. Since the antibodies were already detectable on day 5 of disease, with persistence of high IgG and undetectable IgM after 4 weeks, a reactivation seemed most likely. There was no evidence for an underlying immunosuppressive disease or reactivation induced by viral co-infection. Fulminant hepatitis or meningoencephalitis are click here the most frequent complications in immunocompetent individuals and have to be recognized at an early stage.”
“Objective: To assess the efficacy of tart cherry juice in treating pain and other features of knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods: 58 non-diabetic patients with Kellgren grade 2-3 OA were randomized to begin treatment with cherry juice or placebo. Two 8 oz bottles of tart cherry juice or placebo were consumed daily for 6 weeks with a 1 week washout period before switching treatments (crossover design). Western Ontario McMaster Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores and

walking times were recorded prior to and after each treatment period. Additionally, plasma urate, creatinine and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were recorded at baseline, after the first treatment period and after the second treatment period. Acetaminophen was allowed as a rescue drug and self reported after each treatment period. Treatment effect was examined with repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) using an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis.

Results: There were five withdrawals during the cherry juice treatment (four adverse events (AEs)) and seven withdrawals during the placebo treatment (three AEs). WOMAC scores decreased significantly (P < 0.01) after the cherry juice treatment but not after the placebo treatment (P = 0.

“
“Owing to the enhanced sensitivity of nonlinear acoustic methods to material damage, the nonlinear Lamb wave propagation is pertinent to the nondestructive evaluation of platelike structures, and it is typically manifested as generation of higher harmonics. For dispersive waves such as Lamb waves, however, the cumulative growth of harmonics requires that the primary mode and the generated higher Selleck Proteasome inhibitor harmonic modes possess

identical phase and group velocities. In this paper, this issue of the phase and group velocity matching in Lamb waves is explored based on a systematic analysis of the Rayleigh-Lamb frequency equations. The analysis shows that for certain values of the phase velocity, the Rayleigh-Lamb frequency equations are satisfied at equi-spaced frequencies which are multiples of the smallest. Such frequencies, together with the corresponding phase velocities and the Lamb modes, are determined analytically. Four such types of Lamb modes are identified: (i) Lame modes, (ii) symmetric modes with dominant longitudinal displacements, (iii) intersections of symmetric and antisymmetric modes and (iv) extra Rayleigh modes. For the first three types, it is also established that the primary and the harmonic modes have the same group velocity, and that the surface motion of the plate is featured with

vanishing vertical or horizontal Sotrastaurin clinical trial displacements. In contrast to these three types, the fourth type only exists for a special range of the transverse to longitudinal wave speeds of the solid. This type is not featured with a common group velocity, and neither of the vertical

or horizontal displacement vanishes on the plate surfaces. The obtained results are summarized as tables, and demonstrated graphically on the dispersion curves for aluminum as well as iron plates. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3569864]“
“Curcumin, a natural polyphenolic flavonoid extracted from the rhizome of Curcuma longa L., has many beneficial biological activities. However, there are relatively few reports of the effects of curcumin on pathogen infections. This study examined the effect of curcumin on a Vibrio vulnificus infection. The cytotoxicity Ion Channel Ligand Library clinical trial of V. vulnificus to HeLa cells was significantly inhibited by curcumin (at 10 or 30 similar to mu M). To further examine the inhibitory mechanism of curcumin against V. vulnificus-mediated cytotoxicity, the level of bacterial growth, bacterial motility, cell adhesion, RTX toxin expression and host cell reactions were evaluated. Curcumin inhibited V. vulnificus growth in HI broth. Curcumin inhibited both bacterial adhesion and RTX toxin binding to the host cells, which can be considered the major protective mechanisms for the decrease in V. vulnificus cytotoxicity.

“
“PS/EPDM blends prepared by in situ-polymerization of styrene in the presence of EPDM are immiscible and show two phases. Furthermore, the dynamic mechanical behavior of injected specimens is quite different from that of noninjected blends. This is attributed to the differences in morphology before and after injection molding. The morphology of the noninjected

blends consists of PS spherical domains covered by a thin layer of EPDM, whereas the injected blends show elastomeric dispersed phase morphology in a rigid matrix. SEM analysis was important to elucidate the changes in the dynamic mechanical behavior of PS/EPDM blends, but TEM analysis is more precise for morphological characterization and yielded the real average diameter of EPDM particles. Comparing the average diameters for the PS/EPDM blends obtained from SEM and TEM analyses, the diameters obtained from the SEM analysis are wider than those of TEM which is due to the solvent extraction effect oil the blend morphology. Temsirolimus (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 112: 2280-2289, 2009″
“Background: The use of anti-malarial drug combinations with artemisinin or with one of its derivatives is now widely recommended to overcome drug resistance in falciparum as well as vivax malaria. The fixed oral dose artemisinin-naphthoquine combination (ANQ, ARCO (TM)) is a newer artemisinin-based combination (ACT) therapy undergoing

clinical assessment. A study was undertaken to assess the safety, efficacy and tolerability of ANQ combination in areas of multi-drug resistance to generate preliminary baseline data in adult population of Papua New Guinea.

Methods: The clinical assessment was an open-labeled, AZD1152 mouse two-arm, randomized study comparing ANQ combination as a single dose regimen and three days regimen (10 mg/kg/day) of chloroquine plus single dose sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (CQ+SP) for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria with 28 days follow-up in an adult population. The primary outcome measures for efficacy were day 1, 2, 3 7, 14 and 28-day cure rates. Secondary outcomes included selleck inhibitor parasite clearance time, fever clearance time, and gametocyte carriage. The main outcome measures

for safety were incidences of post-treatment clinical and laboratory adverse events.

Results: Between June 2005 and July 2006, 130 patients with confirmed uncomplicated P. falciparum were randomly assigned to receive ANQ and CQ+SP, only 100 patients (51 in ANQ group and 49 in CQ+SP group) were evaluated for clinical and parasitological outcomes. All the patients treated with ANQ and CQ+SP showed adequate clinical and parasitological response with 28 days follow-up. The cure rate for ANQ on day 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, and 28 was 47%, 86%, 92%, 94%, 94% and 94%, respectively. Recrudescence account for 6%; all were cleared on day 21. For CQ+SP treated group the cure rates were 24%, 67%, 82%, 82%, 84% and 88%, respectively. Recrudescence accounted for 10%; all were cleared on day 28 except for one patient.

053). Neither cathelicidin nor beta-defensin-2 levels correlated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D.

Conclusions: 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is associated with increased mortality in patients admitted to hospital with community acquired pneumonia during

winter. Contrary to our hypothesis, 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were not associated with levels of cathelicidin or beta-defensin-2.”
“Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is a safe and frequently performed bariatric procedure. Unfortunately, re-operations are often necessary. Reports on the success of revisional procedures are scarce and show variable results, either supporting or declining the idea of revising LAGB. This study describes a large cohort of re-operations after failed LAGB signaling pathway to determine the success of revision.

By use of a prospective cohort, all LAGB revisions performed between 1996 and 2008 were identified. From 301 primary LAGB procedures in our centre, 43 patients (14.3%) required a band revision. In addition, 51 patients were referred from other centres. Our analysis included in total 94 patients with a mean follow-up period of 38 months after revision.

Revision was mainly necessary due to anterior

slippage (46%) and symmetrical pouch dilatation (36%), which could be resolved by replacing (70%) or refixating the band (27%). Weight loss significantly increased after revision (excess BMI loss (EBMIL), 37.2 +/- 36.3% versus 47.5 +/- 30.4%,

P < 0.05). After revision, 23 patients (24%) needed a second re-operation. Patients converted www.selleckchem.com/products/jph203.html to other procedures (16%) during the second re-operation showed larger weight loss than the revised group (EBMIL, 64.3 +/- 28.1% versus 44.3 +/- 28.7%, P < 0.05).

We report on a large cohort of LAGB revisions with 38 months of follow-up. Revision of failed INCB018424 solubility dmso LAGB by either refixation or replacement of the band is successful and further increases weight loss.”
“The authors tested the hypothesis that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) signs/symptoms are associated with the occurrence of temporomandibular disorder (TMD), using the OPPERA prospective cohort study of adults aged 18 to 44 years at enrollment (n = 2,604) and the OPPERA case-control study of chronic TMD (n = 1,716). In both the OPPERA cohort and case-control studies, TMD was examiner determined according to established research diagnostic criteria. People were considered to have high likelihood of OSA if they reported a history of sleep apnea or 2 hallmarks of OSA: loud snoring, daytime sleepiness, witnessed apnea, and hypertension. Cox proportional hazards regression estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence limits (CL) for first-onset TMD. Logistic regression estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% CL for chronic TMD. In the cohort, 248 individuals developed first-onset TMD during the median 2.8-year follow-up.

Furthermore, leaving chest drains on water seal after a brief period of suction has been shown to benefit in reducing postoperative chest-drain duration and subsequent hospital stay. There is a paucity of literature directly addressing early vs late chest-drain removal protocols in this patient group. Hence, we conclude that, in clinical practice, the decision of when to remove chest drains postoperatively should remain guided empirically towards the individual patient.”
“Anterior access to the lumbar spine is established

for disc Copanlisib replacement surgery and anterior interbody fusion in the lumbar spine. The spine is accessed normally from the left side either by a transperitoneal or retroperitoneal approach through a midline or oblique skin incision. After reaching the retroperitoneum and depending on the level

Selleckchem Selumetinib of exposure, the surgeon has to mobilise and retract the aorta or left common iliac artery, as well as the left common iliac vein or internal vena cava to the right lateral border to address the whole disc space. The left common iliac artery is especially stretched during intervertebral disc exposure putting it at a greater risk of adverse events. Not surprisingly, vascular adverse events like direct injuries, thrombosis and embolism are feared complications in anterior surgery. Permanent intra-operative left leg oxygen saturation PHA-848125 surveillance via pulse oximetry can help detecting embolic situations thereby allowing immediate treatment minimising the leg ischemia or preventing limb loss.

In the presented case, a 61-year-old male patient undergoing a two-level anterior interbody fusion lost oxygen saturation in the left leg after vessel retraction for exposure. After cage insertion and release of the retractor blades, the pulse oximetry signal did not return and no pulses were found during instant Doppler investigation below

the femoral artery, indicating severe embolism in the left leg. The left common iliac artery was clamped and opened showing a ruptured calcified plaque with adherent fresh thrombotic material. An endovascular embolectomy in the superficial and deep femoral artery revealed several small thrombi. An artherectomy of the common iliac artery followed by patch closure was performed. Immediately after clamp release, pulse oximetry returned and Doppler signals were detectable at the tibialis posterior and dorsalis pedis artery. Post-operative recovery was uneventful and pulses were palpable at all times.

Arterial adverse events in anterior access surgery are rare complications but none the less, it is of paramount importance to detect and treat these situations immediately. This case highlights the need of routine pulse monitoring during the whole anterior surgery to prevent embolic complications.

(c) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3483937]“
“Introduction: One of the factors influencing the treatment compliance of patients with overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms is thought to be the time to reach clinical effectiveness after administering drugs. We investigated the immediate effect of imidafenacin on OAB symptoms. Patients and Methods: Imidafenacin (0.1 mg) was administered. OAB symptom scores (OABSS) were evaluated before administration, and at 2 and 4 weeks after administration. The subjective efficacy in

patients was examined by recording daily changes for 2 weeks. Results: Twenty patients were evaluated for efficacy using OABSS and uroflowmetry with postvoid residual volume. Nineteen patients completely recorded daily changes in subjective efficacy. The mean total OABSS decreased gradually during 2 weeks after administration. CH5183284 ic50 Patients reported the drug’s efficacy to begin 3 days after the commencement of administration. Urinary flow and postvoid residual volume did not change after administration. Conclusion: The subjective efficacy of imidafenacin was observed from 3 days after the commencement of administration. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Background: Lutein and zeaxanthin may reduce the risk of dry, age-related macular degeneration because of their photo-oxidative role as macular

pigment.

Objective: The present study evaluated serum Tubastatin A lutein, zeaxanthin, and macular pigment optical density (MPOD) responses at 0.25 degrees, 0.5 degrees, and 1 degrees retinal eccentricities to the consumption of 2 and 4 egg yolks/d by older adults taking cholesterol-lowering

medications.

Design: Subjects consumed foods containing 2 followed by 4 egg yolks/d for 5 wk each with a 4-wk egg-free period at baseline and between the 2 interventions.

Results: Changes in MPOD (n = 37) with egg yolk consumption were inversely Acadesine mw associated (P < 0.05) with baseline MPOD. Subjects with low-baseline MPOD (defined as MPOD <= 0.5 at 0.25 degrees, <= 0.4 at 0.5 degrees, and <= 0.35 at 1 degrees) showed increases of <= 50% (P < 0.05) with 4 egg yolks at the 3 retinal eccentricities. MPOD increased by 31% (P = 0.059) at 0.5 degrees with 2 egg yolks. Serum lutein increased by only 16% and 24% (P < 0.05) compared with increases of 36% and 82% (P < 0.001) in serum zeaxanthin (n = 52) after consumption of 2 and 4 egg yolks, respectively. Serum HDL cholesterol increased by 5% (P < 0.05) after consumption of 2 and 4 egg yolks. Serum LDL cholesterol did not change with either egg yolk treatment.

Conclusions: Consumption of 4 egg yolks/d, and possibly of 2 egg yolks/d, for 5 wk benefited macular health in older adults with low MPOD.

“
“Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) from keratinocyte play important roles in initiating the inflammatory process of acne. They are used as major elements to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of drugs. In this study, various active constituents extracted from Chinese medicinal herbs were tested for their anti-inflammatory effects against P. acnes using ELISA. Among the constituents, matrine, baicalin, ursolic acid, sodium danshensu, magnolol, honokiol, hesperidin and andrographolide significantly reduced IL-8 and TNF-alpha selleck compound by human HaCaT keratinocyte cells pretreated with heat-killed P. acnes. Excepting hesperidin, these active

constituents presented dose-dependent inhibitory effects. Our studies showed that all of them exhibited low cytotoxicity at 5 mu g mL(-1) in tested cell lines, and even at 50 mu g mL(-1), in the cases of matrine, baicalin, ursolic acid and sodium danshensu. Based on the obtained results, it can be suggested that these active constituents are potential acne-mitigating candidates for cosmetic applications.”
“AimThe aim of this study was to assess the cut-off age of the risk factors for postoperative recurrence of ovarian endometriomas and NU7441 in vitro to evaluate the end-points of follow-up after laparoscopic excision of ovarian endometriomas.

Material and MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 167 patients who underwent laparoscopic excision

of ovarian endometriomas at our hospital between 2000 and 2009, and followed up the patients until 2010. Following surgery, patients chose to receive

gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist, oral contraceptive pills (OCP), dienogest, or no medication and underwent NVP-AUY922 mouse regular ultrasonographic examinations. Potential risk factors for recurrence, including age at surgery, were assessed in the patients receiving no medication. Postoperative recurrence, defined as re-appearance of an ovarian endometrioma>2cm in size, was assessed for each treatment group.

ResultsAge at surgery was the only significant risk factor for recurrence, at a cut-off of 32 years, obtained through receiver-operator curve analysis. In patients not receiving medication, the recurrence rate gradually increased up to 50% over 5 years; there was no recurrence 5 years after surgery. Although no recurrence was seen in patients during continuous treatment with OCP or dienogest, the disease recurred in 55.5% of patients after discontinuing OCP.

ConclusionsAlthough adjuvant therapy for all patients may represent overtreatment, the findings of the present study suggest that, in the interest of fertility preservation, continuous postoperative hormonal treatment should be administered, at least to patients younger than 32 years. In patients who decline hormonal treatment, we recommend that they undergo follow-up for recurrence until 5 years after surgery.

ACE activity returned to basal values in the SHR that were sacrificed after the follow-up period. However, angiotensin II levels were slightly higher after withdrawal of CCX. For the second batch of experiments we used aorta rings obtained from untreated SHR, and we evaluated the relaxation caused by this website CCX in

different aorta preparations. CCX relaxed the intact aorta preparations but this cocoa did not relax the endothelium-denuded aorta rings from the untreated SHR. L-NAME, but not indomethacin, inhibited the relaxation caused by CCX in the SHR aorta rings. We postulate that the antihypertensive effect of CCX might be mediated by an improvement of endothelial release of nitric oxide and by a reduction of oxidative stress. The inhibition of ACE could be implicated in the antihypertensive effect of CCX. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The increase of breast cancer in young women under 40 years and the increasing age of women at the time of the birth of their first child underlines the importance to implement counselling for fertility-preserving strategies in the management of breast cancer care. We present the fertility-preserving procedures performed after routine counselling for primary breast cancer patients in a large certified breast cancer centre.

Since November 2006, patients aged below 40 years with histologically confirmed breast cancer are routinely counselled on fertility-preserving possibilities

before breast surgery and chemotherapy in the fertility centre of the University Women’s Hospital in Tuebingen. The recommendations are based on the

treatment recommendations of the network FertiPROTEKT.

During https://www.selleckchem.com/products/BafilomycinA1.html the last 40 months, 56 primary breast cancer patients were counselled. Forty-one of these patients were hormone receptor positive. Thirty-four patients (63%) underwent fertility-preserving strategies. The majority of the patients (n = 22) decided on ovarian tissue cryopreservation. GnRH protection was performed in 14 patients. In 12 patients an ovarian stimulation protocol was initiated to cryopreserve fertilized or unfertilized oocytes. A combination of different fertility-preserving methods was performed in 12 patients.

The preservation FDA approval PARP 抑制剂 of ovarian function and fertility are of great importance to young breast cancer patients. Counselling on fertility-preserving strategies is therefore critical in these patients and should be routinely performed.”
“Objective: To evaluate sample quality, prostate cancer detection rate and biopsy morbidity in transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy (PBx) using 16- or 18-gauge Tru-Cut needles. Patients and Methods: Patients undergoing TRUS PBx were consecutively randomized with a 1:1 ratio into two study arms: group A (16-gauge needle) and group B (18-gauge needle). Core fragmentation and small specimen length (<10 mm) rate were the sample quality criteria.

Work quality evaluation was similar across conditions. However, parents of a child with epilepsy received fewer workplace rewards and greater workplace penalties than did employees in the other conditions. Implications for mental health and antibias interventions are discussed. Published by Elsevier Inc.”
“This case study shows a young male presenting a mixture of two disease entities: (1) Brugada syndrome with a nearly-normal selleck chemicals llc baseline electrocardiogram and positive Ajmaline drug challenge as well as (2) idiopathic ventricular fibrillation including extremely short-coupled monomorphic ventricular premature beats

(VPB) triggering ventricular fibrillation (coupling interval 318 +/- 21 ms). In this CP-868596 in vivo phenotypic patient group-more suggestive of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation due to the ultra-short coupling interval of the VPBs-drug treatment with a class IA agent such as Quinidine

might be an important option to implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and ablation therapy. (PACE 2010; 33:e84-e87).”
“The wide range of tools and methods developed for measuring and valuing health-related quality of life for use in economic evaluations are appropriate for use in most populations. However, for certain populations, specific tools may need to be developed to reflect the particular needs of that population. Patients without capacity-particularly patients with severe dementia-are such a population. At present, 4EGI-1 manufacturer the tools available to economists for measuring and valuing quality of life in these patients lack validity. Here, we seek to understand the framework within which common instruments have been developed, critique these instruments with respect to patients with severely restricted capacity and

to develop a new way of thinking about how to value health-related quality of life in such patients.

In this essay, we describe and critique the conceptual framework by which common instruments used for measuring and valuing quality of life have been developed.

We show that current common instruments used for measuring and valuing quality of life in general populations are not appropriate for populations with severely restricted capacity.

We propose a new framework for thinking about quality of life in this population, based on notions of observable person-centred outcomes and utility derived from processes of care.”
“Study Design. Bovine caudal intervertebral discs (IVDs) were exposed to free axial vibration for 10 to 60 minutes at 0 to 0.5g and 0 to 200 Hz. Expression of messenger ribonucleic acid for aggrecan, collagen type I, collagen type II, biglycan, decorin, and versican were assayed, as was apoptosis.

Objective. To determine the vibration conditions which are most effective in altering intervertebral disc IVD gene expression.

Summary of Background Data.