Mixtures of short and long chain phospholipids called bicelles can form discs-shaped nanoobjects (40 nm) that can indeed be oriented in magnetic fields. This is due to the cooperative effect of the small diamagnetic negative anisotropic susceptibility of each of the individual lipids that

build up a macroscopic magnetic moment that orients in the field like a compass. Chain saturated lipids have a tendency to be oriented with their long molecular axis perpendicular to the field, thus leading to a disc plane with a parallel orientation. Newly synthesized phosphatidylcholine (PC) containing a biphenyl group in one of its acyl chains (1-tetradecanoy1-2-(4-(4-biphenyl)butanoyl)-sn-glycero-3-PC, TBBPC) shows very unusual macroscopic orienting properties due to the strong positive anisotropy of the biphenyl diamagnetic Metabolism inhibitor susceptibility. Mixing with short chain lipids leads to bicelles of 80 nm diameter that are oriented by magnetic fields such that the disc plane is perpendicular

to the field. Tuning the lipid molecular structure thus affords controlling the orientation of this “”molecular goniometer”". Because the magnetic alignment is remnant for tens of hours even outside the field, applications in structural biology and biotechnology, are discussed. Of great interest, micrometer-sized liposomes made from such a new lipid are strongly deformed into oblates when placed in a magnetic field greater than a few Tesla. Increasing the selleck chemicals magnetic field leads to even greater deformations which could potentially be used in medicine for specific drug delivery purposes, under magnetic resonance imaging. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: We compared a hybrid approach combining staged percutaneous Alectinib manufacturer coronary intervention (PCI) and minimally invasive valve surgery with concurrent valve surgery plus bypass via a median

sternotomy approach.

Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 65 consecutive patients with coronary disease and surgical valvular heart disease who underwent planned PCI followed within 60 days by minimally invasive valve surgery, and we compared them with 52 matched control patients who underwent conventional bypass grafting and valve surgery.

Results: There were no in-hospital deaths in the hybrid group, compared with 2 (3.8%) observed in the matched group (P = .11). Death, renal failure, or stroke occurred in 1 (1.5%) in the hybrid group versus 15 (28.8%) in the conventional group (P = .001). The median number of days between PCI and surgery was 24 (interquartile range, 2.5-37). At surgery, 23 hybrid patients were receiving both aspirin and clopidogrel;, 18, clopidogrel alone; 4, aspirin alone; and 22 stopped the antiplatelet agents 5 days before the operation. Intensive care unit hours and total hospital length of stay, including PCI stay for the hybrid group, were less in the hybrid group (P = .001 for both comparisons).

Results:

The LPS exposure resulted in decreased blood lymphocytes within 5 hours and decreased thymic corticomedullary ratio within 24 hours. Thymic interleukin 6 (IL6) and IL17 messenger RNA (mRNA) increased 5-fold 24 hours post-LPS exposure. Increased toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mRNA and nuclear factor B positive cells at 24 hours after LPS delivery demonstrated acute thymic activation. Both TLR4 and IL1 mRNA increased by 5-fold and the number of Foxp3-positive cells (Foxp3+ cells) decreased 15 days after exposure.

Conclusion:

Intraamniotic LPS exposure caused a proinflammatory

response, involution, and a persistent depletion of thymic Foxp3+ cells indicating disturbance of the fetal immune homeostasis.”
“A critical role of proinflammatory mediators including cytokines, prostaglandins, Liproxstatin-1 solubility dmso and extracellular matrix remodeling enzymes in the processes

of human labor and delivery, at term and preterm, has been demonstrated. In nongestational tissues, apelin plays an important role in a number of physiologic processes, including the regulation of inflammation. However, the role and regulation of apelin and the apelin receptor (APJ) in human gestational tissues are not known. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of (i) preterm and term labor on apelin and APJ expression in human gestational tissues and (ii) apelin small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown in human primary amnion cells on prolabor mediators. Human placenta and fetal membranes were collected from term nonlaboring

AP24534 women and women after spontaneous labor and delivery. Preterm and term spontaneous labor were associated with significantly lower apelin expression in fetal membranes. On the other hand, there was no effect of labor on APJ expression and no effect of term Liothyronine Sodium labor on placental apelin or APJ expression. Transfection of primary amnion cells with apelin siRNA was associated with significantly increased interleukin (IL)-1-induced IL-6 and IL-8 release and cyclooxygenase-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and resultant prostaglandin E-2 and prostaglandin F-2 release. There was no effect of apelin siRNA on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 mRNA expression and pro MMP-9 release. In summary, human labor downregulates apelin expression in human fetal membranes. Furthermore, a role of apelin in the regulation of proinflammatory and prolabor mediators in human fetal membranes is supported by our studies.”
“This study was designed to show whether placental relaxin (RLN), its receptor (RXFP1), or insulin-like peptide 4 (INSL4) might have altered expression in patients with placenta accreta. The baseline expression of their genes through gestation (n = 34) was quantitated in the placental basal plate (BP) and villous trophoblast (TR), and compared to their expression in placenta accreta (n = 6). The proteins were also immunolocalized and quantitated in the accreta tissues.

01-10.0 mg/kg) and 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl-4-fluoro-4-([(5-methyl-6-methylamino-pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-amino]-methyl)-piperidin-1-yl-methanone (F13714; 0.01-1.0 mg/kg) and the 5-HT2A receptor agonists 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOM; 0.32-10.0 mg/kg) and dipropyltryptamine (DPT; 1.0-32.0 mg/kg), alone and in combination, in rats responding

under a fixed ratio schedule of food presentation.

When administered alone, each drug decreased the rate of responding in a dose-related manner with the Dinaciclib chemical structure potency order being F13714 > 8-OH-DPAT > DOM > DPT. WAY100635 (5-HT1A receptor antagonist; 0.01-0.1 mg/kg) attenuated the rate-decreasing effects of 8-OH-DPAT and F13714 while MDL100907 (5-HT2A receptor antagonist; 0.01-0.1 mg/kg) attenuated the Selleck Staurosporine rate-decreasing effects of

DOM and DPT. Dose addition analysis showed that the interaction between 8-OH-DPAT and F13714, as well as the interaction between DOM and DPT, was additive. In contrast, the interaction between 8-OH-DPAT and DOM, as well as the interaction between F13714 and DOM, was infra-additive.

This study shows that for some dose combinations, agonist actions at one 5-HT receptor subtype attenuate agonist actions at another 5-HT receptor subtype; thus, the combined neuropharmacological actions and therapeutic effects of indirect-acting agonists are not likely to be adequately characterized by examining in isolation activity at particular 5-HT receptor subtypes.”
“Temperature is a primary determinant for species geographic ranges. In the context of global warming, most attention

focuses upon the potential effects of heat stress on the future distribution of ectothermic 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase species. Much less attention has, however, been given to cold thermal stress although it also sets species thermal window limits, hence distribution ranges. This study was conducted in winter on a South-Australian rocky shore in order to investigate the potential thermal benefits of the aggregation behavior observed in the dominant gastropod Nerita atramentosa. Thermal imaging was used to measure the body temperatures of 3681 aggregated individuals and 226 solitary individuals, and surrounding substratum temperature. N. atramentosa aggregates and solitary individuals were significantly warmer than their surrounding substratum. The temperature deviation between aggregates and substratum was, however, ca. 2 degrees C warmer than the one observed between solitary individuals and substratum. This result is critical since a body temperature increase of only a few degrees might enhance individual performance, hence organismal fitness, and could potentially drive changes in interspecific relationships. Besides, the potential higher thermal inertia of aggregates might increase the snail adaptive ability to abrupt environmental changes. We further investigate the potential thermal heterogeneity within an aggregate in order to identify any thermally advantageous position.

Until now it has not been possible to determine the effects of plaques, in the absence of A beta oligomers, on memory function. We have identified Tg2576 mice with plaques but markedly reduced levels of A beta oilgomers,

which enabled us to study the effects of plaques alone on memory function. We found that animals with amyloid plaques have normal memory function throughout an episode of reduced A beta oligomers, which occurs during a period of accelerated amyloid plaque formation. These observations support the importance of A beta oligomers in memory loss and indicate that, at least initially, amyloid plaques do not impair memory. (c) 2007 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Aims: The aim of this work was to detect Bacillus thuringiensis endospore production during fermentation check details under conditions hindering endospore detection, i.e. in a complex undefined industrial Pitavastatin nmr medium with a high content of solids in suspension.

Methods and Results: Bacterial endospore production was measured using the photoluminescence of dipicolinate (DPA) with Tb3+. The high temperature and pressure of a conventional autoclave was used to release DPA from the endospores. The endospore was obtained from B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD-73 fermentations in industrial-type

media with 25.1 and 54.1 g l(-1) glucose, 4.4 and 35.3 g l(-1) soybean meal, 5.8 g l(-1) yeast extract, 9.2 g l(-1) corn steep solids and mineral salts.

Conclusions: In this study, we successfully determined the DPA concentrations during the culture of B. thuringiensis in high-concentration

soybean meal media. A good correlation was found between microscope endospore counting and DPA measurements in the cultures.

Significance and Impact of the Study: Because of Celastrol synergy between Cry protein and endospore in B. thuringiensis bioinsecticides formulation, it is important to be able to determine endospore development during B. thuringiensis industrial-type fermentation, in order to ascertain the beginning of sporulation.”
“Calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase 11 (CaMKII), and more specifically its alpha subunit, is widely believed to be fundamental for hippocampal synaptic plasticity. In the cerebral cortex, deprivation-evoked plasticity was shown to depend on alpha CaMKII autophosphorylation abilities. Here we analyzed how learning-induced functional reorganization of cortical representations affected aCaMKII in adult Swiss mice. Mice were subjected to short-lasting sensory training in which stimulation of whiskers was paired with tail shock. The pairing results in enlargement of functional representation of vibrissae activated during the training. aCaMKII protein and its autophosphorylation level were determined by Western-blotting in somatosensory cortex crude synaptosomal fraction (P2) and postsynaptic protein-enriched, Triton X-100 insoluble fraction (TIF).

These ratios were not significantly different between control and molarless rats. In conclusion, the rates of neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the DG are suppressed by the molarless condition, and this suppression might be associated with the increased corticosteroid levels in molarless subjects. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights

reserved.”
“Human noroviruses (family Caliciviridae) are the leading cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Despite the prevalence of these viruses within the community, the study of human norovirus has largely been hindered due to the inability to cultivate the viruses ex vivo and the lack of a small-animal model. In 2003, the discovery of a novel murine norovirus (MNV-1) and the identification of the tropism of MNV-1 for cells of a mononuclear origin led to the establishment of the first norovirus tissue culture https://www.selleckchem.com/products/torin-2.html system. Like other positive-sense RNA viruses, MNV-1 replication is associated with host membranes, which undergo significant rearrangement during infection. We characterize here the subcellular localization of the MNV-1 open reading frame

1 proteins and viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Over the course of infection, dsRNA and the MNV-1 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS7) were observed to proliferate from punctate foci located in the perinuclear region. All of the MNV-1 open reading frame 1 proteins were observed to colocalize with dsRNA during the course of infection. The MNV-1 replication complex was immunolocalized to virus-induced vesicle clusters formed in the cytoplasm of infected cells.

Both dsRNA and MNV-1 NS7 were observed to localize Silmitasertib chemical structure to the limiting membrane of the individual clusters by cryo-immunoelectron microscopy. We show that the MNV-1 replication complex initially associates with membranes derived from the endoplasmic reticulum, trans-Golgi apparatus, and endosomes. In addition, we show that MNV-1 replication is insensitive to the fungal metabolite brefeldin A and consistently does not appear to recruit coatomer protein complex I (COPI) or COPII component proteins during replication. These data provide preliminary insights into key aspects of replication of MNV-1, which will potentially further our understanding of the pathogenesis of noroviruses and aid in the identification of potential Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK targets for drug development.”
“Numerous studies in this lab and others have reported psychostimulant-induced alterations in both synaptic protein expression and synaptic density in striatum and prefrontal cortex. Recently we have shown that chronic D-amphetamine (D-AMPH) administration in rats increased synaptic protein expression in striatum and limbic brain regions including hippocampus, amygdala, septum, and paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT). Potential synaptic changes in thalamic nuclei are interesting since the thalamus serves as a gateway to cerebral cortex and a nodal point for basal ganglia influences.

The effect of nsp3 mutations on replicase polyprotein processing was investigated, and several mutations were found to influence processing of the region downstream of nsp3 by the nsp4 main protease. When tested in an EAV reverse genetics system, none of the nsp3 mutations was tolerated, again underlining the crucial role of the protein in the arterivirus life cycle.”
“The prevalence

of smoking in schizophrenia patients far exceeds that in the general population. Increased vulnerability to nicotine and other drug addictions in schizophrenia may reflect the impact of developmental limbic abnormalities Tideglusib manufacturer on cortical-striatal mediation of behavioral changes associated with drug use. Rats with neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions (NVHLs), a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, have previously been shown to exhibit altered patterns of behavioral sensitization to both cocaine and ethanol. This study explored nicotine sensitization in NVHLs by testing locomotor activity of NVHL vs. SHAM-operated controls over 3 weeks in response EGFR inhibitor to nicotine (0.5 mg/kg) or saline injections (s.c.) followed by a nicotine challenge delivered to all rats 2 weeks later. At the beginning of the initial injection series, post-injection locomotor activation

was indistinguishable among all treatment groups. However, nicotine but not saline injections produced a progressive sensitization effect that was greater in NVHLs; compared to SHAMs. In the challenge session, rats with previous nicotine history showed enhanced locomotor activation to

nicotine when compared to drug naive rats, with NVHL-nicotine rats showing the greatest degree of activity overall. These results demonstrate that NVHLs exhibit altered short- and long-term sensitization profiles to nicotine, similar to altered CYTH4 long-term sensitization profiles produced by cocaine and ethanol. Collectively, these findings suggest the neurodevelopmental underpinnings of schizophrenia produce enhanced behavioral sensitization to addictive drugs as an involuntary and progressive neurobehavioral process, independent of the acute psychoactive properties uniquely attributed to nicotine, cocaine, or alcohol. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“During coronavirus replication, viral proteins induce the formation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived double-membrane vesicles for RNA synthesis, and viral structural proteins assemble virions at the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment. We hypothesized that the association and intense utilization of the ER during viral replication would induce the cellular unfolded protein response (UPR), a signal transduction cascade that acts to modulate translation, membrane biosynthesis, and the levels of ER chaperones.

Only 6 recurrences were found in the 120 cystoscopies done without information on the positive test result (chi-square p < 0.001). There was no difference in recurrence detection when urine test results were negative in the intervention and control arms (18 of 260 patients or 7% and IS of 326 or 6%, respectively, p = 0.45).

Conclusions: Diagnostic review bias should be considered in the evaluation of point of care urine tests for bladder cancer monitoring. Awareness of a positive urine test result significantly improves the urothelial carcinoma detection rate using cystoscopy.”
“We examined

the possible protective effect of TASK-1 (TWIK-related acid-sensitive DNA Damage inhibitor potassium channel-1, kcnk3) and -3 potassium channels during stroke. TASK-1 and TASK-3, members of the two pore domain (K2P or kcnk) potassium channel family, form hetero

or homodimers and help set the resting membrane potential. We used male TASK-1 and TASK-3 knockout mice in a model of focal cerebral ischemia, permanent middle cerebral buy YAP-TEAD Inhibitor 1 artery occlusion (pMCAO). Infarct volume was measured 48 h after pMCAO. The TASK-1 knockout brains had larger infarct volumes (P=0.004), and those in TASK-3 knockouts were unchanged. As the TASK-1 gene is expressed in adrenal gland, heart and possibly blood vessels, the higher infarct volumes in the TASK-1 knockout mice could be due to TASK-1 regulating blood vessel tone and hence blood pressure or influencing blood vessel microarchitecture and blood flow rate. Indeed, we found that male TASK-1 knockout mice had reduced blood pressure, likely explaining the increased Isoconazole brain injury seen after pMCAO. Thus to make precise conclusions about how TASK-1 protects neurons, neural- or organ-specific deletions of the gene will be needed. Nevertheless, a consequence of having TASK-1 channels expressed (in various non-neuronal tissues and organs) is that neuronal damage is lessened when stroke occurs. (C) 2010 IBRO.

Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: Urothelial carcinoma develops from a diffusely susceptible mucosa and, thus, patients who undergo cystectomy are at risk for upper tract recurrence. Management of the distal ureter at cystectomy remains controversial and the impact of a sequential sectioning strategy remains unclear.

Materials and Methods: We identified 1,397 patients who underwent radical cystectomy for nonmetastatic urothelial carcinoma from 1980 to 1998. All patients underwent frozen section analysis of the distal ureteral specimen. When positive, additional specimens were. obtained. We evaluated the impact of a positive ureteral margin and the effect of ultimately obtaining a negative margin after sequential resection.

Results: At last followup 432 patients (31%) had died of urothelial carcinoma a median of 1.8 years after cystectomy. Median followup in the 315 patients alive at last evaluation was 14.0 years. A total of 178 patients (12.7%) had a positive initial ureteral margin and only 31 (2.

Patients with pT3a stage disease and perirenal fat invasion only were divided into 2 subgroups by a 7 cm tumor size cutoff. The prognostic

impact of perirenal Pevonedistat fat invasion on disease-free and cancer specific survival was investigated.

Results: Patients with perirenal fat invasion and lesions greater than 7 cm had lower 5-year disease-free. (49.5% vs 77.2%, p = 0.004) and cancer specific (58.5% vs 95.6%, p = 0.003) survival than those with lesions 7 cm or less. Patients with perirenal fat invasion and lesions 7 cm or less had similar 5-year disease-free and cancer specific survival compared to those with pT1 tumors (p = 0.109 and 0.602, respectively). For tumors 7 cm or less multivariate analysis showed that perirenal fat invasion was not a significant predictor of disease-free (p = 0.119) or cancer specific (p = 0.208) survival. In contrast, perirenal fat invasion was an independent prognostic factor for disease-free

(p = 0.002) and cancer specific (p = 0.027) survival in patients with tumors greater than 7 cm.

Conclusions: Findings suggest that the prognostic significance of perirenal fat invasion depends on primary tumor size. Perirenal fat invasion Nepicastat concentration included in the pT3a stage regardless of tumor size should be reevaluated by tumor size for a more accurate patient prognosis.”
“In the striatum, signaling through G protein-coupled dopamine receptors mediates motor and reward behavior, and underlies the effects of addictive drugs. The extent of receptor responses is determined by RGS9-2/G beta 5 complexes, a striatally enriched regulator that limits the lifetime of activated G proteins. Recent

studies suggest that the function of RGS9-2/G beta 5 is controlled by the association with an additional subunit, R7BP, making elucidation of its contribution to striatal signaling essential for understanding molecular mechanisms Kinesin family member 11 of behaviors mediated by the striatum. In this study, we report that elimination of R7BP in mice results in motor coordination deficits and greater locomotor response to morphine administration, consistent with the essential role of R7BP in maintaining RGS9-2 expression in the striatum. However, in contrast to previously reported observations with RGS9-2 knockouts, mice lacking R7BP do not show higher sensitivity to locomotor-stimulating effects of cocaine. Using a striatum-specific knockdown approach, we show that the sensitivity of motor stimulation to cocaine is instead dependent on RGS7, whose complex formation with R7BP is dictated by RGS9-2 expression. These results indicate that dopamine signaling in the striatum is controlled by concerted interplay between two RGS proteins, RGS7 and RGS9-2, which are balanced by a common subunit, R7BP. Neuropsychopharmacology (2010) 35, 1040-1050; doi:10.1038/npp.2009.

The latter groups demonstrated complete transfer from

the training to the generalization session, whereas the former groups demonstrated substantially limited transfer. These findings suggest that when visual and motor workspaces are separated, two internal models (vision-based one, proprioception-based one) are formed, and that a conflict between the two disrupts the development of an overall representation that underlies adaptation to a novel visuomotor transform. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: Cardiopulmonary bypass remains associated PF-573228 cost with significant morbidity and mortality, in part caused by a systemic inflammatory response that is unpredictable and variable among patients. Several limited studies have suggested associations of cytokine plasma levels or gene polymorphisms with outcome after cardiopulmonary bypass. The present study was to determine the relationships between several circulating cytokines and their polymorphisms (single nucleotide polymorphisms), and the occurrence of postoperative clinical events in patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting under cardiopulmonary bypass.

Methods: Patients were genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms of LTA (Cys13Arg, +252A>G), TNF (-308G>A), IL6 (-597G>A, -572G>C, -174G>C), IL10 (-592C>A, c.*117C>T), and APOE (Cys112Arg, Syk inhibitor Arg158Cys). Serum samples were collected preoperatively, immediately after

cardiopulmonary bypass, and at different postoperative time points to measure cytokine serum levels by enzyme-linked

immunosorbent assay. The clinical end point was the composite of postoperative death, low cardiac output syndrome, myocardial infarction, sepsis, and acute renal insufficiency.

Results: Single nucleotide polymorphisms IL6-572GC+CC/IL10-592CC were associated with the clinical end point (P = .032 and P = .009, respectively). In addition to preoperative clinical conditions, the other factor associated with the clinical end point was interleukin-10 plasma levels 24 hours after surgery (P = .017). On the basis of these results, a predictive model of postoperative complications after coronary artery bypass grafting was created.

Conclusions: Our data suggest that focused genetic testing of the IL6-572G>C and IL10-592C>A single nucleotide polymorphisms might be a tool for identifying Piperacetam patients at the highest risk of poor tolerance to the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass and for implementing strategies to mitigate it, provided the generalization of these tests makes them reasonably affordable and thus favorably shifts their cost-to-benefit ratio. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012;144:467-73)”
“The binding states of the substrates and the environment have significant influence on protein motion. We present the analysis of such motion derived from anisotropic atomic displacement parameters (ADPs) in a set of atomic resolution protein structures.

Change in mesangial fractional volume per glomerulus over the 5-year period did not differ significantly between the placebo group (0.016 units) and the enalapril group (0.005, P=0.38) or the losartan group (0.026, P=0.26), nor were there significant treatment benefits for other biopsy-assessed

renal structural variables. The 5-year find more cumulative incidence of microalbuminuria was 6% in the placebo group; the incidence was higher with losartan (17%, P=0.01 by the log-rank test) but not with enalapril (4%, P=0.96 by the log-rank test). As compared with placebo, the odds of retinopathy progression by two steps or more was reduced by 65% with enalapril (odds ratio, 0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.14 to 0.85) and by 70% with losartan (odds ratio, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.12

to 0.73), independently of changes in blood pressure. There were three biopsy-related serious adverse events that completely resolved. Chronic cough occurred in 12 patients receiving enalapril, 6 receiving losartan, and 4 receiving placebo.

Conclusions: Early blockade of the renin-angiotensin system in patients with type 1 diabetes did not slow nephropathy progression but slowed the progression of retinopathy. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00143949.)

N Engl J Med 2009;361:40-51.”
“Background: Rupture of infected anastomotic femoral artery pseudoaneurysms (AFAPs) represents a limb and life-threatening condition requiring emergency intervention. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of a hybrid repair for ruptured infected AFAPs consisted of percutaneous stent-graft Lapatinib deployment and second-stage surgical debridement.

Methods: Between October 2004 and January 2008, 6 patients (3 female, mean age 65.8 +/- 11.4 years) with ruptured infected AFAPs were treated with emergent percutaneous stent-graft implantation and secondary surgical debridement. Three patients Benzatropine had undergone a femoro-popliteal and 1 a femoro-tibial bypass for peripheral arterial disease, while 2 patients had a femoral arteriovenous graft (AVG) for hemodialysis access due to chronic renal failure.

Four pseudoaneurysms were located at the common femoral artery (CFA) and 2 involved the superficial femoral artery (SFA). Mean pseudoaneurysm diameter was 6.8 +/- 0.9 mm (range, 5.4-7.8 mm). The mean interval between the initial operation and presentation to our department was 26.7 +/- 14.5 months (range, 7-50 months). All patients suffered from severe comorbidities and were judged unfit for major surgery under general anesthesia.

Results: All patients were successfully managed by urgent percutaneous deployment of covered stents at the site of the arterial deficit. Extensive surgical debridement along with pseudoaneurysm excision was accomplished successfully in all 6 patients 1-3 days after stent-graft placement under local anesthesia, without the need for extended vessel exposure for proximal and distal control.