This is due to the contribution of water to the plasticizing of the amaranth flour film in the presence of glycerol. As can be seen in Fig. 2, the experimental data are well fitted

by the GAB model. The monolayer water content value (mo) of the plasticizer types are significantly different (P < 0.05). This value is higher for glycerol films (0.0712 g water/g dry solids) compared to the sorbitol films (0.0482 g water/g dry solids). This result suggests that the hydrophilic groups of the starch and protein present in the amaranth flour are less available for interaction Tofacitinib with water molecules in the presence of sorbitol. The water molecules, in turn, may be linked to sorbitol, forming the film matrix. This evidences that sorbitol has greater compatibility with the polymers present in the flour, thereby strongly interacting with these macromolecules. Moreover, the mo values found in this study are in agreement with literature values reported for cassava starch films using glycerol and sorbitol as plasticizers ( Mali et al., 2005 and Müller et al., 2008). Veliparib research buy As shown in Table 4,

there are no significant differences (P > 0.05) between glycerol and sorbitol films in terms of water vapor permeability, while the oxygen permeability (OP) is significantly different (P < 0.05). Sorbitol films display lower oxygen permeability compared to glycerol films. In the case of the whey protein film, it has also been observed that the films prepared with sorbitol were less permeable to oxygen than the films prepared with glycerol, even at higher sorbitol concentrations ( McHugh & Krochta, 1994). These results reveal that a less dense and more disorganized polymeric matrix is formed in the presence of glycerol, allowing for greater oxygen diffusion through the film. The microstructures of the glycerol

and sorbitol films analyzed by TEM are presented in Fig. 3. Both films present porous internal microstructure. These pores probably constitute plasticization zones distributed within the film matrix. The microstructure of the flour films also reveals that the protein forms aggregates (black structure), which interacts with the lipid globules within a continuous Florfenicol and more dense matrix formed by the starch (gray structure). It is also noteworthy that the size of lipids globules is more homogeneous and better distributed within the film matrix in the presence of sorbitol (Fig. 3b). Thus, the amaranth flour film plasticized with sorbitol presents a more ordered and homogeneous structure compared to the films plasticized with glycerol (Fig. 3a), leading to films with lower oxygen permeability and mechanical strength. The optimal formulations for the production of amaranth flour films with good mechanical properties and low solubility were Cg 20.02 g glycerol/100 g flour and Tp 75 °C for glycerol films, and Cs 29.5 g sorbitol/100 g flour and Tp 75 °C for sorbitol films.