Quantification of AI-2 in ZFF using the DPD standard curve (AI-2=0.376 × IOD−28.93) indicated that the amount of AI-2 in ZFF varied with species. ZFFaph contained the highest concentration of AI-2 (1.66±0.25 μM) among the three species tested, followed by ZFFsoj (1.40±0.18 μM), both from zoospores at 104 mL−1 levels, while ZFFnic from zoospores at 5 × 105 mL−1 contained the least AI-2 (0.66±0.13 μM). Negative values were obtained for the SDW and CV8 controls, indicating

that zoospores produced AI-2, and the AI-2 activity was not from residual CV8 broth. To confirm Selleckchem Ku-0059436 the results from the luminescence assay, ZFFnic and ZFFsoj were analyzed using chemical methods. The formation of quinoxaline derived from DPD, specifically 2-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-3-methylquinoxaline, was detected by LC-MS. First, a peak identical to quinoxaline from synthetic DPD (Fig. 2d) was identified in the EIC at m/z 205 from ZFFsoj (Fig. 2a)

and ZFFnic (Fig. 3a, middle). Second, quinoxaline products from ZFF coeluted with the quinoxaline standard (Figs 2c and 3, top). Lastly, the fragmentation patterns of the quinoxaline-derived buy Erastin from ZFF samples were identical to those from synthetic DPD (Figs 3b, c and 4a, b). Furthermore, the quinoxaline peak was not detected in the negative control, a 103× dilution of the CV8 broth equivalent to 106 times what was left in ZFFs (Figs 2b and 3a, bottom). These cumulative results indicate that AI-2 originated from zoospores. Quantification of DPD-derived quinoxaline in ZFF samples also showed a variation in AI-2 concentrations with species. Phytophthora sojae produced a higher amount of AI-2 than P. nicotianae. Based on the standard curve generated from synthetic DPD, the AI-2 concentration in ZFFnic from a suspension of 106 zoospores mL−1 was 1.1±0.1 μM, while in ZFFsoj from a suspension of 5 × 104 zoospores mL−1, it was 10.1±2.0 μM (Fig. 3), similar to what was observed Carbohydrate in the

bioluminescence assay. AI-2 represents an interspecies signaling molecule and is involved in the regulation of luminescence, virulence factor secretion, and biofilm formation in bacteria (Vendeville et al., 2005; Xavier & Bassler, 2005). Here, we demonstrate for the first time the production of AI-2 by P. nicotianae, P. sojae, and P. aphanidermatum, members of Pythiaceae in the eukaryotic Stramenopila kingdom, which will provide an insight into the physiology and ecology of zoosporic pathogens. Detection of AI-2 in ZFF (Figs 1–4) raises a question regarding the AI-2 production pathway in oomycete species. Currently, there are three known pathways for AI-2 (DPD) production (Winzer et al., 2002; Hauck et al., 2003; Nichols et al., 2009). Within these pathways, the pentose-phosphate pathway used by some plant and bacterial species (Hauck et al., 2003; Tavender et al., 2008) is most likely to be adopted by oomycetes. The reasons are threefold. First, the LuxS-dependent pathway is only available in bacterial species (Sun et al., 2004).