To determine the roles of these regions in FliX functionality, five conserved sites NSC 683864 research buy were selected as the target sites for mutation: R71, L85, D117-D118, T130, and L136 (Figure 3). In the region

from amino acids 69 to 73, there are five consecutive charged residues. This pattern is less common in protein sequences and may be important for FliX activity; so we chose to replace the central residue R71 with alanine to disrupt this pattern. We also deleted residues D117 and D118 in order to abolish these potential phosphorylation sites. In addition, we noticed that the 130th residue of FliX is a threonine, which is different from the majority of its homologs where a leucine is found. We then replaced T130 with an L and hoped to create a “”super”" FliX, because a conserved residue in a given position is often the most suitable one. Finally, we replaced L with K at sites 85 and 136 with the intention to disrupt any potential secondary structures of the conserved regions. Plasmid bearing either the wild-type or a mutant fliX allele, along with the fliX promoter region, was introduced into LS107 (wild-type strain) and JG1172 (ΔfliX strain) for further analyses. Figure 3 Site-directed mutagenesis of C. crescentus FliX. Homologs of C. crescentus FliX are aligned

with CLUSTAL W 1.81 and are shaded with BOXSHADE 3.3.1. Black, identical residues; grey, similar residues; asterisks, sites of mutation. C._ cau: C. crescentus, R. rub: Rhodospirillum rubrum, B. jap: Bradyrhizobium japonicum, M. mag: Magnetospirillum Fludarabine in vivo magnetotacticum, and R. _pal: Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Role of conserved FliX residues in protein expression BCKDHA We first examined the expression of the FliX alleles and FlbD. Cell extracts were subject to SDS-PAGE analysis followed by immunoblotting with

anti-FliX and anti-FlbD antibodies (Figure 4). Strain SC1032 (flbD::Tn5) [41] and a constitutively active fliX allele (fliX 1), which carries an extended carboxyl terminus [38], were also IWR-1 clinical trial included as controls. As was previously reported [36], the flbD::Tn5 cells possessed markedly reduced levels of FliX (lane 1); similarly, Δcells contained little FlbD (lane 10). These observations are also in support of the findings that FlbD and FliX interact with each other in vivo (Figure 1) and that the absence of either protein reduces the stability of the other (Figure 2). In both LS107 and JG1172 cells, FliXR71A, FliXT130L, and FliXL136K were present at levels comparable to wild-type FliX carried on a multi-copy plasmid (Figure 4, lanes 3 and 11). However, the concentrations of FliXL85K and FliXΔ117-118 in JG1172 cells were significantly reduced (greater than ten-fold) compared to other FliX mutants; the FlbD levels in these cells were also diminished (lane 13 and 14). Nevertheless, all mutants were successfully expressed in both wild-type and ΔfliX strains.