Subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIg) administration is a convenient alternative to IVIg and, when administered in smaller doses given daily for convenience, could raise the trough level even higher than monthly or weekly IVIg dosing [16, 18]. As an alternative to IVIg the potential advantages of SCIg are well established, including no need for venous access

or visit to hospital for infusions, flexibility of dosing, improved quality-of-life and a lower incidence of systemic adverse events [18]. In conclusion, more research is required to address a number of clinical challenges. The optimal dosing for neurological diseases is not known, and the various treatment regimens and biomarkers of response need to be identified. In addition, the pharmacokinetics of IVIg vary PCI32765 widely between patients, and need to be better understood, including peak and trough Ig levels in different disorders, to https://www.selleckchem.com/products/R788(Fostamatinib-disodium).html assist in determining optimal dosage and frequency. Finally, there is a great need for rational design of IVIg therapeutic regimens. H. P. would like to thank Meridian HealthComms Ltd for providing medical writing services. H. P. has received speaker fees from CSL Behring and Baxter. “
“Although the TNF receptor family member CD27 has been known for some time, its functional

role as a coreceptor on T and B cells remains poorly understood. Recent reports have shown

that CD27 and its ligand CD70 play a critical role in the development and function of γδ T cells in mice. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, a study now extends these findings to the Vγ9Vδ2+ subset of human γδ T cells. This subset, whose responses are readily elicited by phosphoantigens, plays an important role in anti-tumor immune responses. This study shows that most Vγ9Vδ2+ cells express CD27, and signaling via the CD27-CD70 axis is needed for their survival, proliferation and cytokine secretion. Moreover, CD27 functions as a coreceptor, which promotes, in conjunction with TCR-mediated Sinomenine signals, expansion of Th1-biased Vγ9Vδ2+ cells. This new information underscores the significance of CD27 in γδ T-cell functional differentiation, and is likely to facilitate the development of γδ T-cell-based clinical immunotherapy. The TNF receptor family member CD27, discovered more than two decades ago 1, 2 is widely expressed on lymphocytes, including NK cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as well as primed B cells. CD27′s natural ligand is the TNF-like molecule CD70, which is expressed on lymphocytes and dendritic cells; CD70 can also function as a signaling receptor 3. That CD27 is a costimulator of human T- and B-cell responses in vitro has also been known for some time 3, and studies in mouse models have elucidated its mechanism of action in vivo.