Ribosomal proteins represent a significant proportion of the mycoplasma liposoluble proteome. This might appear inconsistent, but in spite of their traditionally cytoplasmic localization, it was already demonstrated that ribosomes interact with the bacterial protein export complex [46]. Moreover, it is well known that in eukaryotes ribosomes are associated with endoplasmic reticulum, where they participate in the protein secretion pathway [47]. Several proteins that take part in other metabolic pathways were also identified in the liposoluble fraction of M. agalactiae PG2T. We could speculate that many proteins involved in nutrient metabolism check details might associate with proteins

devoted to internalization of precursors in metabolizing complexes, and be co-purified with these. Nonetheless, a pre-fractionation of membranes was not performed because of inherent technical difficulties, and we cannot rule out that enzymes with high hydrophobicity might be present as cytoplasmic contaminants. The recent work by Sirand-Pugnet and PRIMA-1MET coworkers revealed the occurrence of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events in M. agalactiae. The expression of proteins acquired by HGT highlights the importance of horizontal gene flow for the Selleckchem MDV3100 evolutionary plasticity of mycoplasmas; for instance, by allowing changes in host and/or tissue tropism through acquisition of traits enabling

colonization and survival in new niches [24, 48]. In total, an impressing 11.7% of proteins expressed on the M. agalactiae membrane are coming from other bacteria, reinforcing the view that an important part in the evolution of mycoplasmas might be driven by genetic exchange with bacteria sharing the same host districts, probably in order to compensate the concurrent process of gene loss [24]. Another interesting observation was the detection of MAG_2340, a hypothetical lipoprotein which is apparently the result of an horizontal

gene transfer event with mycoplasmas of the mycoides cluster (Additional file Rucaparib in vitro 8), which was not detected by Nouvel et al. in the PG2T liposoluble proteome [37]. Hypothetical proteins were of particular interest; since these did not have an assigned function, similarity searches were conducted with BLAST tools in order to infer their possible role in the biology of mycoplasmas. Among these, the hypothetical lipoprotein MAG_1670 belongs to the mycoides cluster LppA/P72 family, and it is an antigen recognized early and persistently in infection [49]. The hypothetical protein MAG_0250 has an indigoidine synthase A (IdgA)-like domain similar to Clostridium spp. IdgA is involved in the biosynthesis of indigoidine, a blue pigment synthesized by Erwinia chrysanthemi and implicated in pathogenicity and protection from oxidative stress by scavenging oxygen radicals [50].