It is conceivable that our RTL constructs are representative of naturally occurring Selleckchem PS341 soluble two-domain MHC-II structures that may function as inhibitors of T-cell responses. In our recent phase I safety study of RTL1000

in DR2+ MS subjects discussed above, we observed detectable pre-infusion plasma levels of two-domain RTL-like structure in 4 of 13 donors (31%). To verify these intriguing results, we re-evaluated pre- and post-infusion serum or plasma samples from six MS subjects from our trial and serum from a pool of three healthy donors using the 1B11 Fab specific for two-domain MHC-II structures (with no specificity for bound peptide). Diverse quantities of such structures (ranging from 13 to 1038 ng/mL) were found in all evaluated subjects.

These novel results suggest the natural occurrence of two-domain structures that could be derived from four-domain intermediates possibly shed from MHC-II expressing APC upon immunization 42. The conformational sensitivity of Fab 1B11 for the distinct RTL shape implies that such native MHC-II-derived structures carry an RTL-like conformation and therefore may act as natural analogues of RTL constructs and induce similar regulatory effects on T-cell responses. Most importantly, the appearance of natural two-domain MHC-II molecules in human plasma would provide support for selleck chemical the biological relevance of our RTL constructs. Our Abs directed to the two-domain MHC conformation are valuable tools for isolation and identification

of such native structures. The comparison between the signal levels detected by Fab 1B11 (pan DR two-domain structures) and Fab 2E4 (DR2–MOG-35-55 two-domain structure of RTL1000) in the plasma of subjects after infusion of RTL1000 demonstrates the Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II high sensitivity of our Fabs. We are currently in the process of increasing the avidity of 1B11 Fab by expressing it as whole IgG, which will allow us to immunoprecipitate and further study such novel serum structures. In PK studies of our clinical trial discussed above we observed a short half-life (∼5 min) of circulating RTL1000 post infusion 34. For the detection of RTL1000 in plasma and serum samples of the subjects, we used polyclonal Abs in sera from mice immunized with RTL1000. The high specificity of Fab 2E4 to RTL1000 in a peptide-restricted manner enabled its sensitive detection of circulating RTL1000 in plasma samples with no background of native MHC and other-peptide specificities of RTL-like structures. Using Fab 2E4 we developed a new assay for PK studies and measurement of RTL1000 levels in serum. This assay was found to have greater sensitivity (∼two-fold) compared to the use of polyclonal serum Abs in the original assay and therefore allows more accurate PK studies (manuscript in preparation). The therapeutic effects of RTLs on T-cell-mediated autoimmunity may involve several complementary pathways.