In that regard, metal release or uptake could occur to or from the hemolymph via an unknown endocrine signaling pathway. Also, metal storage in midgut cells could account for an isolation mechanism in order to minimize exposition of other cells (e.g., cells from the nervous system and fat body). PolyP has also been involved with heavy metal tolerance in different organisms (Alvarez and Jerez, 2004, Keasling et al., 2000 and Keasling, 1997b). PolyP levels were higher when either

zinc or copper was added on Cobimetinib sub-lethal doses to the animal diet. At least for the copper-fed animals, this increment in PolyP levels correlated with an increase phosphorous total weight on X-ray microanalysis elemental profiles (data not shown). Also, we observed copper-uptake inside spherites after copper-feeding, an element commonly present in soybean fields fertilizers (Fageria, 2001 and Shuman, 1998) and pesticides (Epstein, 2001 and Thrupp, 1991). This is similar to what has been described in the electron dense bodies of Euglena gracillis ( Einicker-Lamas and Mezian, selleck products 2002) and crustaceans (described as lysosomes) ( Correa

et al., 2002 and Correa Junior et al., 2003). As we have used a qualitative methodology, it is possible that mobilization of other elements is being carried during our experiments and have not been detected. In the future, it will be interesting to evaluate to which extent copper uptake as well as pump inhibitors modify the levels of elements by means of quantitative methodologies. During our observations, spherites were commonly found around or inside the goblet cell cavity (GV), suggesting a trafficking route. While spherites have been shown to be released into the lumen of some organisms (Serrao and Cruz-Landim, 1996 and Wright and Newell, 1964), this

is the first evidence for a route involving release via GV. In M. sexta, for instance, spherites were not observed around or inside the GV ( Dow et al., 1984). Goblet cells microvilli have remained under study due to the existence of the well-known K+ pump ( Harvey et al., 1983a, Harvey et al., 1983b and Harvey et al., 1981) – a system composed of a V-ATPase and a K+/H+ Sirolimus manufacturer exchanger yet to be identified and anion channels ( Wieczorek et al., 1989) that remains as an unique feature of Lepidoptera. It is possible that PolyP release in the GV could account for a modulation step of those transporters. In this regard, it has been shown that PolyP is an important component for the activity of channels like the Streptomyces lividans KcsA ( Hegermann et al., 2008 and Negoda et al., 2009) and human TRPM8 ( Zakharian et al., 2009). Additionally, fusion of spherites with GV microvilli might contribute to membrane protein delivery. In that regard, while spherites remain poorly understood, PolyP granules present several common mechanisms.