In 2011 relative to 2003, students reported consuming 0.26 serving per day more milk products, while no difference in mean consumption of fruits and vegetables was observed in adjusted models. Adjusted regression analysis also revealed a decrease of 0.20 can or glass per day in SSB consumption, which included a 0.09 can or glass per day decrease in soda consumption. Significant decreases in dietary energy intake along with increases in diet quality as measured by the DQI

were also observed over time. The prevalence of overweight (excluding obesity) remained relatively unchanged at 23.1% in 2003 compared with 22.6% in 2011, whereas the prevalence of obesity increased slightly from 9.8% to 10.9% over the same time period. This study involved a large population-based Integrase inhibitor comparison of grade 5 students in Nova Scotia in 2003 and 2011, which represents the timeframe before

and after the implementation of the NSNP. This policy began influencing Crizotinib research buy changes in school food in Nova Scotia from 2006 with full implementation expected by 2009. As this study observes trends from 2003 to 2011, we can examine population differences before and after policy implementation, although without a comparison group, it is not possible to disentangle any effects of the policy from wider societal changes. Nonetheless, this study provides “real world” evidence of the impact of a population-level (province-wide) intervention to promote healthy eating in schools. Thus far, the majority of research has focused on shorter term (one to three years) nutrition-related changes using an experimental or cross-section design in relation to state or district-wide implementation of a nutrition policy (Jaime and Lock, 2009). As very few studies have assessed changes at a population level (Mullally et al., 2010), our study contributes important population-level context and adds to the limited

evidence of the long-term, organic changes observed following nutrition policy implementation. Similar to other studies, we observed positive trends in diet quality (Cullen and Watson, 2009 and Cullen et al., 2008) and energy intake (Mendoza et al., 2010) following the Levetiracetam implementation of the NSNP, but we did not find statistically significant increases in consumption of vegetables and fruit that have been reported by others. A decline in SSB consumption over the timeframe observed in this study is consistent with other research following the implementation of a school-based nutrition policy (Blum et al., 2008, Johnson et al., 2009 and Jones et al., 2010); however, different from earlier work, we did not differentiate between beverages consumed at home and at school. Typically, school nutrition policies focus on foods available at school, rather than the food provided at home.