Historically, this theory was first introduced to discuss the truth or falsity of moral rules. A forerunner of the theory was Hume. According to Hume, no moral knowledge stands on pure truth, and thus it is purely chimerical (Hume, 1739). This issue is still controversial. The philosophy of “naturalism” sees moral judgments as true and obeying the laws of nature (Kurtz, 2003), while its opponents claim that

moral statements are not reducible to natural terms (Landau, 2004). This author affirms that ‘good’ can neither be described in terms of pleasure and pain nor can it be the product of any of the natural sciences (physics, biology). Moral nihilists consider morality to be constructed, i.e., it is a complex set of rules and recommendations that may Crizotinib cost provide a psychological, social, or economic advantage for its adherents, but is otherwise Duvelisib cost without universal or even relative truth in

any sense (Landau, 2010). Thus, ethical theories resemble genetic material that can naturally evolve and benefit from spontaneous mutations (favourable errors), which increase the organism’s skilfulness in a society. In this regard, TBM proposes a human cognitive mechanistic theory selected on the basis of FW illusion. This subjective perspective stands on a psychologically unavoidable error, but it ultimately leads to cognition. Objectively, we can consider the individual perspective of CM as an error, however, what is epistemically objective may not necessarily be ontologically objective. Searle (1997) argued that “where consciousness Celecoxib is concerned, the appearance is the reality”, thus the

truth can be discovered and evaluated by any interested party if we find the way to reconcile 1st-order and 3rd-order perspectives. Bodovitz thinks that we become aware only when some of the content of our underlying cognition is changed by experience (Bodovitz, 2008). Interestingly, he claims that the cognitive steps are many separate packages of information which may fade in time in the absence of strong interrelationships; conscious awareness may function as a strong glue that avoids the disintegration of the process of cognition into discrete and independent cycles. In line with this hypothesis, agents must be aware of what they are doing in order to assign to themselves SoA or SoO or SoR; otherwise, the link between cognition and motivational systems could break down. The congruence between the two sets of signals, i.e., the self-produced intentions of an action (agency) and the sensory signals that arise from their execution (ownership) is the compulsory way of building up the content and attributes of the self. Self-recognition appears early in life because the criterion of congruency has been challenged daily since our birth. It is plausible that this mechanism plays a fundamental role in improving individual knowledge and skill with age.