Higher rates of negative HBsAg or anti-HCV EIA results in viraemic samples have been observed in immunocompromised HIV-infected patients [2,7]. In addition, the exclusion of patients presenting with serum liver enzyme levels higher than three or five times the ULN values (depending on the initial study) could have led to an underestimation of the prevalence. The comparison of our HBV and HCV estimates to those reported by the few other African studies in patients initiating antiretroviral therapy should be viewed as indicative only because of the

methodological differences. In South Africa, HBV DNA was detected in 40.6% of 192 patients Cabozantinib price (100% of 44 HBsAg-positive patients and 23.0% of 148 HBsAg-negative patients) [3]. In Cameroon’s neighbour Nigeria, 8.2% of 146 patients were found with HCV RNA (all patients were tested for HCV viraemia) [4]. The prevalence of co-infections in other HIV-infected populations are much lower. For instance, HBV DNA was detected in 2.4% of pregnant women in both

Côte d’Ivoire and South Africa [8,9]. The prevalence of HCV RNA was 0% in blood donors in Tanzania and 1.0% in pregnant women in Côte d’Ivoire [8,10]. Frequent co-infections are also found in Europe and the USA, where the prevalence of HIV, HBV and HCV in the general population is lower than in Africa. However, the predominant modes of transmission of all three infections are similar in Western countries (intravenous drug use and sexual contact) [11,12] whereas they appear very dissimilar in Africa (for HIV, the heterosexual route; for HBV, close contact within households during early childhood and, to a lesser extent, RAD001 order vertical transmission; and for HCV, unclear routes of transmission) [1,2]. Undetected HBV or HCV co-infections had clinical implications for antiretroviral therapy in our patients. All HBV co-infected patients

received anti-HBV lamivudine monotherapy, which has been shown to lead to frequent emergence of drug resistance [13] and, consequently, to possible acute hepatitis, fulminant hepatic failure and death [2]. The World Health Organization Histamine H2 receptor now recommends the use of tenofovir plus either lamivudine or emtricitabine as the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) backbone of antiretroviral therapy in HBV co-infected patients whenever possible (tenofovir has been available in Cameroon since 2007) [14]. Also, 46 and 55% of HBV and HCV co-infected patients, respectively, received nevirapine despite moderate liver enzyme elevations. In these patients, efavirenz or a third NRTI is preferred [14]. Two strategies should be considered for the management of HIV-infected patients needing treatment in Africa. Where possible, testing for HBsAg and anti-HCV should be performed systematically in addition to serum liver enzymes before initiating antiretroviral therapy in order to avoid nevirapine and anti-HBV lamivudine monotherapy when necessary.