Pl, placebo (n = 19 animals). Cr, creatine (n = 17 animals). Caf, caffeine (n = 18 animals). CrCaf, creatine plus caffeine (n = 18 animals). *, denotes buy P5091 significant selleckchem difference from Cr groups (P < 0.05). Urinary creatinine It was observed a positive correlation between body weight and urinary creatinine (Pearson, r = 0.402 and P < 0.001). Therefore, the urinary creatinine data were normalized by the body weight of the animals and presented as urinary creatinine to body weight ratio (mg/24 h·g) (Table 3). During the first week, urinary creatinine was not different (P > 0.05) among the groups and was affected by neither exercise nor supplementation

factors. Table 3 Urinary creatinine. Groups 1st Week (mg/24 h.g) 2nd Week (mg/24 h.g) 6th Week (mg/24 h.g) SPl (n = 10) 0.243 ± 0.082 0.217 ± 0.034a 0.240 ± 0.047 SCr

(n = 10) 0.226 ± 0.038 0.284 ± 0.033A 0.255 ± 0.036 SCaf (n = 10) 0.234 ± 0.027 0.208 ± 0.030a mTOR inhibitor 0.211 ± 0.030 SCrCaf (n = 09) 0.242 ± 0.020 0.245 ± 0.060 0.234 ± 0.011 EPl (n = 09) 0.231 ± 0.023 0.223 ± 0.040c 0.223 ± 0.018 ECr (n = 07) 0.240 ± 0.050 0.301 ± 0.044A 0.252 ± 0.015Bd ECaf (n = 08) 0.226 ± 0.023 0.208 ± 0.027c 0.204 ± 0.021 ECrCaf (n = 09) 0.259 ± 0.014 0.288 ± 0.051bd 0.263 ± 0.026d Exercise Factor       Sedentary (n = 39) 0.236 ± 0.046 0.238 ± 0.049 0.235 ± 0.040 Exercised (n = 33) 0.240 ± 0.032 0.258 ± 0.057 0.236 ± 0.030B Supplementation Factor       Placebo (n = 19) 0.236 ± 0.058 0.220 ± 0.036 0.232 ± 0.036 Creatine (n = 17) 0.233 ± 0.044 0.293 ± 0.039Aef 0.253 ± 0.027Bf Caffeine (n = 18) 0.231 ± 0.025

0.208 ± 0.028A 0.207 ± 0.026A Creatine+Caffeine (n = 18) 0.250 ± 0.025 0.267 ± 0.059ef Hydroxychloroquine 0.248 ± 0.033f Data are mean ± SD. n, number of animals. Statistical significance (P < 0.05):A vs. 1st week;B vs. 2nd week (ANOVA Repeated Measures) for the same line.a vs. SCr;b vs. EPl;c vs. ECr;d vs. ECaf;e vs. Placebo;f vs. Caffeine (Tukey Test) for the same week. SPl, Sedentary placebo. SCr, sedentary creatine. SCaf, sedentary caffeine. SCrCaf, sedentary creatine plus caffeine. EPl, exercised placebo. ECr, exercised creatine. ECaf, exercised caffeine. ECrCaf, exercised creatine plus caffeine. During the second week, the urinary creatinine level in the group SCr was higher than the level in SPl and SCaf (P = 0.023 and P = 0.005, respectively, Table 3). The group ECr exhibited higher creatinine than EPl and ECaf (P = 0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively). Likewise, ECrCaf creatinine was higher, compared to EPl and ECaf (P = 0.017 and P = 0.003, respectively). However, there was no difference in urinary creatinine between the sedentary and exercised animals. Regarding supplementation, it was observed that creatine and creatine plus caffeine groups increased their creatinine excretion as compared to placebo and caffeine groups (P < 0,001).