“
“Clozapine, a tricyclic dibenzodiazepine, is an atypical antipsychotic drug that is very efficacious in treating psychosis, particularly in patients refractory to other agents [1]. It has a strong antagonistic activity on D4-dopaminergic receptors [2] serotonergic, noradrenergic [3], histamine

[4] and cholinergic M2 receptors [5]. It differs from traditional antipsychotic drugs in that it has relatively weak D2-receptor activity and few extrapyramidal side effects, and it is effective in treating resistant schizophrenia [6]. Clozapine appears to be particularly beneficial in patients with schizophrenia who are suicidal and those with substance use disorder [7]. However, some adverse effects of clozapine have limited its clinical use [8]. A common and serious adverse effect requiring regular monitoring is cardiotoxicity [7]. Several cases showing clozapine-induced RG7420 price myocarditis (including deaths) have been reported internationally, 85% of which developed in the first 2 months of therapy [8]. Most of the patients in the reported cases were under 50 years of age. Clinical studies showed potentially fatal myocarditis, pericarditis, heart failure and eventually death associated with clozapine treatment [9]. The

mechanism of clozapine-induced cardiotoxicity is not yet clearly understood. Previous studies showed the presence of cardiac and peripheral blood eosinophilia associated with clozapine cardiotoxicity, indicating a possible IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction [10]. buy Ipilimumab In addition, clozapine treatment has been associated with increased levels of the catecholamines, norepinephrine and epinephrine [11]. Hyper-catecholaminergic states can significantly exacerbate myocarditis in both animals and patients [11] and [12]. Moreover,

clozapine-induced myocarditis has been associated with an increased release of inflammatory HSP90 cytokines [13]. Numerous reports have shown an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the myocardium during the development of myocarditis and heart failure in experimental animals and in patients [14]. Myocardial ischemia can lead to cell injury with the release of ROS [15]. Cell injury in the ischemic area also causes infiltration of neutrophils, which produce ROS and cytokines. Certain cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), trigger mitochondrial release of ROS [16]. In addition, an increase in ROS has been detected in various animal models of heart failure [17] and [18]. An increase in oxidative stress, which may result from increased production of ROS, a relative deficit in the endogenous antioxidant defences, or both, can cause myocarditis, contractile dysfunction and cardiomyopathy [17]. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the possible mechanisms of clozapine-induced cardiotoxicity and the role of oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines in that process.