Clin Tariquidar cell line Microbiol Infect 2007,13(11):1048–1057.CrossRefPubMed 18. Zaiß NH, Weile J, Ackermann G, Kuijper E, Witte W, Nübel U: A case of Clostridium difficile-associated disease due to the highly virulent clone of Clostridium difficile CX-6258 cell line PCR ribotype 027, March 2007 in Germany. Euro Surveill 2007,12(11):E071115.1.PubMed 19. van Belkum A, Tassios PT, Dijkshoorn L, Haeggman

S, Cookson B, Fry NK, Fussing V, Green J, Feil E, Gerner-Smidt P, et al.: Guidelines for the validation and application of typing methods for use in bacterial epidemiology. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007,13(Suppl 3):1–46.CrossRefPubMed 20. Berg RJ, Schaap I, Templeton KE, Klaassen CH, Kuijper EJ: Typing and subtyping of Clostridium difficile isolates by using multiple-locus variable-number Hydroxylase inhibitor tandem-repeat analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2007,45(3):1024–1028.CrossRefPubMed 21. Marsh JW, O’Leary MM, Shutt KA, Pasculle AW, Johnson S, Gerding DN, Muto CA, Harrison LH: Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for investigation of Clostridium difficile transmission in Hospitals. J Clin Microbiol 2006,44(7):2558–2566.CrossRefPubMed 22. Fawley WN, Freeman

J, Smith C, Harmanus C, Berg RJ, Kuijper EJ, Wilcox MH: Use of highly discriminatory fingerprinting to analyze clusters of Clostridium difficile infection cases due to epidemic ribotype 027 strains. J Clin Microbiol 2008,46(3):954–960.CrossRefPubMed 23. Killgore G, Thompson A, Johnson S, Brazier J, Kuijper E, Pepin J, Frost EH,

Savelkoul P, Nicholson B, Berg RJ, et al.: Comparison of seven techniques for typing international epidemic strains of Clostridium difficile: restriction endonuclease analysis, PtdIns(3,4)P2 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, PCR-ribotyping, multilocus sequence typing, multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis, amplified fragment length polymorphism, and surface layer protein A gene sequence typing. J Clin Microbiol 2008,46(2):431–437.CrossRefPubMed 24. Gal M, Northey G, Brazier JS: A modified pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) protocol for subtyping previously non-PFGE typeable isolates of Clostridium difficile polymerase chain reaction ribotype 001. J Hosp Infect 2005,61(3):231–236.CrossRefPubMed 25. Stubbs SL, Brazier JS, O’Neill GL, Duerden BI: PCR targeted to the 16S–23S rRNA gene intergenic spacer region of Clostridium difficile and construction of a library consisting of 116 different PCR ribotypes. J Clin Microbiol 1999,37(2):461–463.PubMed 26. Bidet P, Barbut F, Lalande V, Burghoffer B, Petit JC: Development of a new PCR-ribotyping method for Clostridium difficile based on ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999,175(2):261–266.CrossRefPubMed 27. Bidet P, Lalande V, Salauze B, Burghoffer B, Avesani V, Delmee M, Rossier A, Barbut F, Petit JC: Comparison of PCR-ribotyping, arbitrarily primed PCR, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for typing Clostridium difficile. J Clin Microbiol 2000,38(7):2484–2487.PubMed 28.