“
“Cell migration is a crucial event for normal T-cell development, and various ligand/receptor pairs have been implicated. Most of

them, including chemokines and extracellular matrix proteins, have attractant properties on thymocytes. We discuss herein two further groups of ligand/receptor pairs, semaphorins/neuropilins and ephs/ephrins, which are constitutively expressed by thymocytes and thymic microenvironmental cells. Evidence shows that the corresponding interactions are relevant for developing T-cell migration, including the entry of bone marrow progenitor cells, migration of CD4/CD8-defined thymocyte subpopulations triggered by chemokines and/or extracellular matrix proteins, and thymocyte export. Conceptually, the data summarized here show that thymocyte migration results from a complex network of molecular interactions, which generate not only see more attraction, but also repulsion of migrating T-cell precursors.-Mendes-da-Cruz, D. A., Stimamiglio, M. A., Munoz, J. J., Alfaro, D., Terra-Granado, E., Garcia-Ceca, J., Alonso-Colmenar, L. M., Savino, W., Zapata, A. G. Developing T-cell migration: role of semaphorins and selleck inhibitor ephrins. FASEB J. 26, 4390-4399 (2012). www.fasebj.org”
“RNA polymerase (RNAP) from thermophilic Thermus aquaticus is

characterized by higher temperature of promoter opening, lower promoter complex stability, and higher promoter escape efficiency than RNAP from mesophilic Escherichia coli. We demonstrate that these differences are in part explained by differences in the structures of the N-terminal regions 1.1 and 1.2 of the E. coli sigma(70) and T. aquaticus sigma(A) subunits. In particular, region 1.1 and, to a lesser extent, region 1.2 of the E. coli sigma(70) subunit determine higher promoter complex stability of E. coli RNAP. On the other hand, nonconserved amino acid substitutions in region 1.2, but not region 1.1, contribute to the differences

in promoter opening between E. JQ1 cost coli and T. aquaticus RNAPs, likely through affecting the sigma subunit contacts with DNA nucleotides downstream of the -10 element. At the same time, substitutions in sigma regions 1.1 and 1.2 do not affect promoter escape by E. coli and T. aquaticus RNAPs. Thus, evolutionary substitutions in various regions of the sigma subunit modulate different steps of the open promoter complex formation pathway, with regions 1.1 and 1.2 affecting promoter complex stability and region 1.2 involved in DNA melting during initiation.”
“Objective: Septoplasty is one of the most common operations performed by otorhinolaryngologists. Nasal packing is not an innocuous procedure. The most common problem encountered by the patients after septoplasty is the pain and discomfort during removal of the nasal packs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the results of septoplasty without postoperative nasal packing.