At present, few data are available on the role of probiotics in colic and the mechanisms by which probiotic bacterial strains antagonise pathogenic gastrointestinal microorganisms or exert other beneficial effects
in vivo have not yet been fully defined. Even so, there is a growing interest within clinical medicine in the understanding of the mechanisms through which lactic acid bacteria exert their antagonistic activity against pathogens in the gut. Finally, clinical investigations about in-vivo efficacy are necessary to confirm the role of Lactobacillus strains as efficacious probiotic treatment to modulate the colonic microbiota in newborns and improve abdominal discomfort due to infantile colic. Acknowledgements We are grateful to Roberto Calabrese for his help in statistical analysis. References 1. Guarner F: Enteric flora in health and disease. Digestion 2006, Nutlin-3a chemical structure 73:5–12.PubMedCrossRef 2. Sjögren YM,
Tomicic S, Selleckchem VX-680 Lundberg A, Böttcher MF, Björkstén B, Sverremark-Ekström E, Jenmalm MC: Influence of early gut microbiota on the maturation of childhood mucosal and systemic immune responses. Crenolanib datasheet Clin Exp Allergy 2009, 39:1842–51.PubMedCrossRef 3. Penders J, Thijs C, Vink C, Stelma FF, Snijders B, Kummeling I, van den Brandt PA, Stobberingh EE: Factors influencing the competition of intestinal microbiota in early infancy. Pediatrics 2006, 118:511–21.PubMedCrossRef Liothyronine Sodium 4. Adlerberth I, Wold AE: Establishment of the gut
microbiota in Western infants. Acta Paediatr 2009, 98:229–38.PubMedCrossRef 5. Miller JJ, Mc Veagh P, Fleet GH, Petocs P, Brand JC: Breath hydrogen excretion in infants with colic. Arch Dis Child 1989, 64:725–9.PubMedCrossRef 6. Lehtonen L, Korvenranta H, Eerola E: Intestinal microflora in colicky and non-colicky infants: bacterial cultures and gas-liquid chromatography. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1994, 19:310–4.PubMedCrossRef 7. Treem WR: Infant colic: a pediatric gastroenterologist’s perspective. Pediatr Clin North Am 1994, 41:1121–38.PubMed 8. Belson A, Shetty AK, Yorgin PD, Bujanover Y, Peled Y, Dar MH, Reif S: Colonic Hydrogen elimination and methane production in infants with and without colic syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2003, 48:1762–76.PubMedCrossRef 9. Moore DJ, Robb TA, Davidson GP: Breath hydrogen response to milk containing lactose in colicky and non-colicky infants. J Pediatr 1988, 113:979–84.PubMedCrossRef 10. Miller JJ, Brand JC, McVeagh P: Breath hydrogen excretion in infants with colic. Arch Dis Child 1990, 65:248.PubMedCrossRef 11. Kanabar D, Randhawa M, Clayton P: Improvement of symptoms in infant colic following reduction of lactose load with lactase. J Hum Nutr Diet 2001, 14:359–63.PubMedCrossRef 12. Savino F, Cresi F, Pautasso S, Palumeri E, Tullio V, Roana J, Silvestro L, Oggero R: Intestinal microflora in breastfed colicky and non-colicky infants. Acta Paediatr 2004, 93:825–9.PubMedCrossRef 13.