All other reagents (Merck and Hexapur) and solvents (Nuclear) were of analytical grade. The purple grape juice samples used in this study were from Vitis labrusca grapes, Bordo variety, harvested in 2009. The organic juice was obtained from Ipatasertib solubility dmso the Cooperativa Aecia Agricultores Ecologistas Ltda. (Antonio Prado, RS, Brazil) and was certified by Rede de Agroecologia ECOVIDA, while the conventional

juice was obtained from Vinícola Perini Ltda. (Farroupilha, RS, Brazil). The main characteristics of each grape juice are shown in Table 1. Forty-eight male Wistar rats (90 days old, weighing 250 ± 50 g) from the breeding colony of the Centro Universitário Metodista were used in these experiments. The number of animals was determined by a statistical F test – MANOVA (F = 3.21, α = 0.05, power = 90%). The animals were handled under standard laboratory KU55933 conditions consisting of a 12-h light/dark cycle and fixed temperature (25 ± 2 °C). Food and water were available ad libitum. All experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the Brazilian Society of Neurosciences and Behavior. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Centro Universitário Metodista IPA, number 298/2009. The animals were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups (n = 16 per group) as follows: group

1 served as control and received saline, while groups 2 and 3 were given, by gavage, organic or conventional grape juice (10 μL/g of body weight),

respectively, once a day over the course of 17 days. The doses of purple grape juice were determined by calculating the amount of juice consumed on average by a 70-kg human male, i.e., approximately 500 mL/day ( Park et al., 2003). In order to assess if purple grape juices intake could alter the behavioral parameters, the treated rats were evaluated through the open field test. Anxiety, locomotion and exploratory activities were evaluated in the animals following the conclusion of the treatment (day 18). Experiments were carried out between 8:00 a.m. and 13:00 p.m. in a noise-free room. Rats were placed in a wooden box in which the floor was Edoxaban divided by black lines into 12 equal squares. Initially, the rats were placed in the middle of the quadrant and were allowed to explore the box freely for five minutes. The latency to start locomotion, the number of black line crossing, rearing, grooming and fecal bolus during exploration were measured and recorded manually (Holzmann et al., 2011 and Galani and Patel, 2010). After the open field test, half of the rats from each group (n = 8) received a single, intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of PTZ (60 mg/kg of body weight) dissolved in sterile isotonic saline. This dose is between half of the effective dose to cause seizures (33 mg/kg) and the median lethal dose (75 mg/kg) ( Ilhan et al., 2005). The other half of the rats (negative control) received saline solution (i.p.).