5 mg/dL), unstable diabetes or concomitant illness requiring selleck inhibitor medicine adjustment, history of other disorders of oxidative status,

currently smoking, history of taking supplements or functional foods or herbal medicines within 8 weeks prior to the beginning of the study, presence of conditions affecting compliance such as psychiatric problems. The flow chart describing patient enrollment and follow up is shown in Fig. 1. At initial visit, all eligible patients were requested to maintain behavior according to the criteria of the study from the run-in period (2 weeks) and during the intervention (16 weeks). These criteria were: not taking other source of bitter melon except the assigned product in this study, maintaining usual dietary intake/medications/physical activities, not taking any supplements and herbal medicines which may affect glucose level or oxidative status, and not smoking. After the run-in period, participants were randomized to take either 6 g/day of MC dried fruit pulp in 3 divided doses 30 min before meals or placebo. Block randomization using a block size of four was employed. In the present experiment, 6 g of dried pulp was derived from 4 fresh fruits of Thai MC which did not exceed usual daily intake PFI-2 order as food in general. The patients were followed up every

4 weeks. Laboratory investigation, anthropometric assessment, and physical examination were performed at the first visit (baseline, week 0) as well as after 8 weeks and 16 weeks of the treatment. Blood and urine sampling was taken after fasting for 8 h. At each visit, data of adverse

events (AEs), 3-day food record and compliance checking by capsule count were Idoxuridine collected. The primary efficacy outcome was the change of A1C (immunoturbidimetric assay, Cobas Integra 800, Roche Diagnostics) from baseline at 8 weeks and 16 weeks after the initiation of the intervention. Secondary efficacy outcomes included the changes of serum AGEs, FPG (hexokinase, Architech ci 4001 analyzer, Abbott Laboratories), and urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) (turbidimetric assay, Cobas Integra 800, Roche Diagnostics). Safety monitoring was performed by interviews, physical examination, biochemical assessment i.e. Cr (Kinetic Jaffe, Dimension RXL, Siemens), AST and ALT (International Federation of Clinical Chemistry method, Dimension RXL, Siemens). Definition and severity of AEs were based on the category of Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.02.26 Dietary intake data were analyzed by INMUCAL-N version 2.0 software (Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University). Measurement of serum AGEs was modified from Kaluousava et al.11 Serum was diluted 1:20 to 1:10 with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) pH 7.4 (Sigma).