Als essentieller Bestandteil von Enzymen, die Redoxreaktionen katalysieren, ist es heute in Anti-Ageing Produkten oder Präparaten der orthomolekularen Medizin enthalten. Was ist Mythos und was ist Wissenschaft? Welche physiologischen Funktionen hat Selen und wie verhalten sich diese zu den vielfältigen Gesundheitswirkungen, die Selen haben soll? Welche Präparate sind für welche Indikationen verfügbar? Und soll man Selen supplementieren? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/chir-99021-ct99021-hcl.html Von Berzelius im Jahre 1817 entdeckt, wurde Selen noch in den 1930er Jahren für krebsauslösend

gehalten. Erst seit 1957 wissen wir, daß es ein essentielles Spurenelement ist. Es dauerte bis 1973, bis das erste Selenoprotein in Säugern identifiziert wurde [2]. In der Folgezeit wurden einige Mangelsyndrome bei Nutz- und Haustieren sowie Menschen mit Selenmangel assoziiert (Tabelle 1). Dabei war die Datenlage bei Nutztieren jedoch meist eindeutiger Tanespimycin research buy als beim Menschen. So fand man z.B. bei der Keshan Krankheit, einer endemischen

Kardiomyopathie in einer selenarmen chinesischen Provinz, daß die Infektion mit einem Coxsackievirus die Krankheit auslöst, die allerdings unter den selenarmen Bedingungen dort den schweren Verlauf nimmt [3]. Zumindest im Tierversuch steigern auch Influenzaviren ihre Virulenz unter selenarmen Wirtsbedingungen. Es gibt nur wenige Berichte zu Selenmangelsyndromen bei vollständig parenteral ernährten Patienten, die mitunter Muskelschwäche und Kardiomyopathien entwickelten, bis sie ausreichend mit Selen versorgt wurden. Viele Hinweise aus kleineren Studien, daß die Häufigkeit bestimmter Krebsarten bei niedrigerem Selenstatus erhöht ist, haben die Nationalen Gesundheitsinstitute stiripentol der USA (NIH) motiviert, eine sehr große klinische Studie zu initiieren,

die das Ziel hatte herauszufinden, ob Selen tatsächlich eine krebspräventive Wirkung hat. In dieser “SELECT” Studie (Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial) sollten 12.000 Männer in den USA mit Placebo, Selen, Vitamin E oder einer Kombination von Selen und Vitamin E über 12 Jahre behandelt werden. Primäres Ziel war es, die Häufigkeit von Prostatakrebs, und in zweiter Linie auch von Kolonkarzinom und anderen Krebsarten zu beobachten. Diese Studie wurde aber vorzeitig abgebrochen, weil die erwartete krebspräventive Wirkung wohl nicht mehr erreichbar war und weil im Vitamin E Arm sogar adverse Effekte sich andeuteten, die jedoch statistisch noch nicht signifikant waren [4]. Parallel wurde die sogenannte PREADVICE Studie mit demselben Patientenkollektiv gestartet, die Aufschluß geben sollte, ob durch die Gabe der Antioxidantien Selen und Vitamin E die Wahrscheinlichkeit sinkt, an Alzheimer zu erkranken. Heute findet man viele Berichte, die nahelegen, daß niedrige Selenwerte mit allerlei Erkrankungen assoziiert seien.

, 2000; Haxby et al., 2000 and Haxby et al., 2002) such as mouth, eye and head movements (Lee et al., 2010) and facial expressions (Phillips et al., 1997): although it does respond to pictures of static faces (Hoffman and Haxby, 2000 and Kanwisher et al., 1997), it shows a response of

significantly greater magnitude (up to three times) to dynamic as compared to static faces (Pitcher, Dilks, Saxe, Triantafyllou, & Kanwisher, 2011). Thus, it could be that continuously presenting only moving faces heightened the response in the pSTS and attenuated the response in the FFA. We further generalized this approach to all conditions and identified ‘people-selective’ regions in our group of participants as those that responded to social stimuli in all conditions, whether this was audiovisual, audio only or visual only. Such regions were found bilaterally in the GW-572016 chemical structure pSTS to mid-STS, in addition to the right aSTS, the IFG, hippocampus and precuneus. In a pioneering study, Kreifelts et al. (2009) examined voice-selectivity, face-selectivity and integration of affective information within the STS. They found, using fMRI, that the neural representations of the audiovisual integration of non-verbal emotional signals, voice sensitivity and face sensitivity were located in different

parts of the STS with maximum voice sensitivity in the trunk section and maximum face sensitivity in the posterior terminal Selleckchem MK-1775 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl ascending branch. These authors did not observe the large overlap as was seen

in our study, and we can only speculate as to some of the possible reasons. We predict the large response of the STG was in part due to contrasting dynamic audiovisual presentations of people against audiovisual presentations of objects, plus unimodal face and voice information – thus, these would have activated the portions of the STG/STS responsive to audiovisual information, in addition to those responsive to dynamic face information and voice-selective regions. In the study by Kreifelts, face and voice-selectivity were examined using separate localisers, which simply contrasted the response to different sets of unimodal stimuli. What is more, in their face-localiser, the authors only used static faces. Although static faces can also activate the STS (Haxby et al., 2000 and Kanwisher et al., 1997) dynamic faces are known to evoke a more pronounced response in this region. In summary, we find that in this experiment, a large part of the STS – extending from pSTS to aSTS – was overall ‘people selective’: this is striking, considering that previous research has localised face-selectivity and voice-selectivity in different, mostly non-overlapping portions of this region, specifically the pSTS and mid-STS to aSTS, respectively. We used a conjunction analysis and the classical ‘max criterion’ to define integrative, audiovisual regions in our study.

The questionnaire Several demographic characteristics of the respondents were assessed including age, gender and educational status (Table 1). Respondents were also asked whether they had studied health or home economics at school, (“health study”). Self-reported weight and height were also elicited; these were converted to Body Mass Indices (BMI; Table 1). BMI based on self-reports have been shown to yield highly valid estimates of BMI (Venn et al. 2007). In addition six items were administered to assess the respondents’ universalism values (Schwartz 1994) these were summed to develop a universalism score (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.85). The

items were: Equality (i.e. equal opportunity for all); a world at peace (i.e. free of war and conflict); a world of beauty (i.e. beauty of nature and the arts); social Trichostatin A solubility dmso justice (i.e. correcting injustice, care for the weak); unity with nature (i.e. fitting into nature); broad-minded (i.e. tolerant

of different ideas and beliefs); protecting the environment (i.e. preserving nature). Respondents were asked to rate the importance of each of the items to them on 5-point Likert scales (1 = Not at all important, 5 = Extremely important). For each of seven sets of food concern items (named below), respondents were asked: How concerned are you about the following issues? Five-point Likert response scales were employed (ranging from (1) ‘not concerned’ to (5) ‘very concerned’). Many of the items were derived from previous studies (Hohl & Gaskell 2008; Worsley & Scott 2000; Worsley & Skrzypiec Ruxolitinib price 1998). Seven sets of concerns were confirmed via confirmatory factor analysis, however, structural equation modeling (below) showed that only

the nutrition concern factor was related to LFSS purchasing intention ( Table 2), therefore the other concern factors are reported elsewhere (Worsley, Wang and Burton 2014). Consistent with the CFA ratings of the eight nutrition concern items were summed to derive a Nutrition Concerns score ( Table 2). In addition, eight items were presented which related to the respondents’ perceived control or influence over the above areas (Table 3). PTK6 Respondents were asked: In general, how much influence (or control) do you have over …? (the issues). Five point response scales ranging from ‘none’ (1) to ‘very much’ (5) were employed. Confirmatory factor analyses of the food concern and control-influence items were conducted to identify and test the construct validity of the factors which represented the main themes of concern and control-influence (Table 2 and Table 3). The internal reliabilities of all the scales used in the SEM were high (Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4) The main LFSS purchasing intention outcome variable (similar to those used in other studies, e.g.

Instead of using wild fish species for the investigation of PAHs pollution in the ECS, here we use

zooplankton for conducting such an investigation. Zooplankton species are lower trophic-level animals and typically move with ocean currents. To better understand how PAHs are distributed in zooplankton in the ECS, we investigated zooplankton PAHs concentrations in the ECS, with special emphasis on the effects of salinity (i.e., density) fronts. A total of 32 hydrographic stations along several transects on the ECS shelf were conducted by the R/V Ocean Researcher I from April 29 to May 10, 2009 ( Fig. 1). Temperature, salinity, and buy Lumacaftor density were recorded using a Seabird SBE 911 plus a conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) profiler. Concentrations of nitrate were measured

according to Shih et al. (2013). The concentrations of chlorophyll-a (chl-a) in the surface layer (∼2 m) were determined according to Chen et al. (2013b). In brief, the chl-a samples were collected by filtering 500–2000 ml of seawater through a GF/F filter and stored at −20 °C until analysis. Chl-a on the GF/F filter was then extracted by acetone and determined according to standard procedures using a Turner Designs 10-AU-005 fluorometer by the non-acidification method ( Chen et al., 2013b). The abundance of zooplankton in the surface layer was determined by collecting zooplankton with a standard Dabrafenib cell line zooplankton net (200 μm) towing in the surface layer for about 10–20 min. Prior to the analysis of PAHs, a small number of zooplankton samples were filtered for calculating

the dry weight of zooplankton. The zooplankton sample was cleaned by separating it from possible micro-debris artifacts, as follows. The large visible non-zooplankton particles were picked out first and the rest of zooplankton samples with some seawater were stored at −20 °C until analysis ( Hung and Gong, 2010). Sucrase Towed zooplankton samples were defrosted and centrifuged (4000 rpm) at 4 °C for 15 min. The supernatant was discarded to remove micro-debris. As mentioned earlier, the zooplankton net was used to collect zooplankton in the surface layer. If some micro-debris were collected with zooplankton in our samples, these tiny micro-debris should be in the supernatant after high-speed centrifugation. Therefore, we believe that almost all the micro-debris was removed after this procedure. After centrifugation, zooplankton were freeze-dried and weighed. Procedures for sample extraction, preparation, and analysis for PAHs in zooplankton were adapted from previous studies ( Ko and Baker, 1995 and Ko and Baker, 2004). Four perdeuterated PAHs (naphthalene-d8, fluorine-d10, fluoranthene-d10, and perylene-d12) were added to each sample prior to extraction as surrogates to assess the overall procedural recovery.

Given the volume of oil released by the spill, however, it

is difficult to say that most of the oil was not derived from the spill. There was certainly some weathering of oil which occurred between the seafloor and the surface, and again between the spill site and the shore. This would have been affected by the addition of the dispersant Corexit® at the wellhead and the surface. Local seeps would be the most likely source of additional crude, although the volume of input from seeps would have been negligible in comparison to the spill volume. High concentrations of compounds at the spill site as observed in this study were to be expected, given the volume of the spill. The continental shelf of the northern GOM is known to have hundreds to thousands of small seeps of oil and gas, but the volume of these seeps is negligible compared to the BP/DWH spill volume. In addition, results of the diagnostic CH5424802 datasheet ratios of biomarkers were positive, indicating that the source of the oil in our samples EPZ-6438 was from the BP/DWH spill. Comparing our results with those of other investigators, Aeppli et al. (2012) collected 146 samples in 2010 and 2011 offshore and on the beaches in this region. They focused, however, on the production of oxyhydrocarbons during the weathering process. PAHs were analyzed for a small sub-set of samples

(n = 10); PAHs were not the focus of their analysis. Carmichael et al. (2012) report oiled and non-oiled honeycomb styrofoam material in the GOM surface waters and along the coastal beaches. Naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and chrysene in the oiled material were

depleted relative to Macondo well oil by 98%, 72%, 43% and 0%, respectively. This highlighted the greater susceptibility of smaller two-ring PAHs to weathering as opposed to the larger multi-ring PAHs. This is consistent with observations made on other oil spills (see Reddy et al., 2011, for data on sub-surface partitioning about of n-alkanes and benzene). The distribution of compounds measured in the central region of the northern GOM and in nearby areas are generally consistent with known ocean currents in the region (see Sturges and Lugo-Fernandez, 2005 for a review). The spill site was S–SE of the mouth of the Mississippi River. The river plume is known to be influenced by near-shore coastal currents in the region which split near the mouth of the river, with most of the plume being drawn to the west and the remainder to the east. In addition, the Loop Current is known to produce eddies which impinge on the spill site, potentially carrying petroleum hydrocarbons offshore. Such eddies also break free, potentially carrying such compounds to the west along the edge of the continental shelf. Various impacts extended from June 2010 to at least March 2011. Most samples were collected post-capping (July 15, 2010); thus, geographic patterns of compounds in general represent post-spill distributions.

All 9 patients had undergone prior magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MRCP. MRCP was abnormal in 6 patients, revealing extrahepatic and intrahepatic ductal dilation suggestive of a biliary stricture (patients 1, 2, and 7) or pancreatitis (patients 4, 6, and 8). EUS confirmed the findings in all these patients. In 3 patients with no abnormalities

seen on MRI/MRCP, EUS accurately detected characteristics features of AIP (patient 9) or was without significant abnormalities (patients 3 and 5). A median of 2 TCB passes (range, 1-3) were obtained that retrieved an average of 8.9 mm of tissue per pass (range, 0-18 mm) as reported by the pathologist. We relied on the more accurate cytopathologist measurement and not the endosonographer Galunisertib molecular weight measurement because of the tendency to overestimate the specimen length in freshly obtained nonprocessed tissue. Specimens were obtained from the pancreatic neck (n = 3, 19%), body (n = 10, 62%), and tail (n = 3, 19%). EUS TCB was diagnostic (n = 5) or partially diagnostic (n = 1) in 6 of 7 patients (86%) with pancreatic pathology (Fig. 1,Table 2). Patient 9, who had a nondiagnostic TCB, was ultimately diagnosed

with AIP. In this patient, after 2 hypocellular FNA samples were obtained without evidence of obtaining a core tissue, TCB was then performed. Additional TCB passes were not attempted due to the development of self-limited bleeding occurring with each FNA and TCB pass. In the remaining 2 patients followed for 1 to 2 months, a final diagnosis of idiopathic nonpancreatic abdominal pain was established given the continued absence of apparent

pancreatic pathology on subsequent imaging selleckchem and laboratory evaluation. In these 2 latter patients, TCB revealed benign pancreatic tissue (patient 3) and fibrofatty tissue (patient 5). Both patients had subtle nonspecific changes seen on EUS and a normal MRI/MRCP. Despite the lack of significant pancreatic abnormalities on imaging, we carefully considered and decided to perform TCB given the potential for identifying pathology that could impact the management of these patients with prolonged symptoms that significantly impacted Reverse transcriptase their quality of life. We regard the TCB obtained in patient 5 as inadequate given the lack of pancreatic tissue within the specimen. Most of the procedures (67%) were performed in an outpatient setting. The 3 patients who underwent an inpatient EUS (patients 1, 3, and 5) had prearranged 24-hour observation scheduled before EUS. Patient 1 was discharged within 24 hours without developing any symptoms. Patients 3 and 5 remained hospitalized for 5 and 2 days, respectively, for pain management. Both patients had chronic abdominal pain that was not altered in character or severity after EUS. Their pain and hospitalizations were not thought to be related to the interventions performed but instead attributed to their underlying disorder (Table 3).

Br. J. Cancer l1957;11: 229–248. [9] Hindmarsh ON 1910 M, Owen, M., Vaughan, J., Lamerton, L.F. and Spiers, F.W. The relative hazards of 90Sr and Ra Br. J. Radiol., l1958;31,: 518–533. [10] Hindmarsh M, Owen, M. and Vaughan, J. A note on the distribution of radium and a calculation of the radiation dose non-uniformity factor for radium 226 and strontium 90 in the femur of a luminous dial painter. Br. J. Radiol. l1959;32. [11] Owen M, Vaughan, J.. Radiation dose and its relation to damage in the rabbit tibia following a single injection and daily feeding of 90Sr. Br. J. Cancer l1959;13:

424–438. [12] Owen M, Vaughan, J. Dose-rate measurements in the rabbit tibia following uptake of 90Sr. Br. J. Radiol. l1959;32: 714–724. [13] Owen M, Vaughan, J. Radiation dose and its relation to damage in the rabbit tibia following a single injection and daily feeding of 90Sr. Br. J. Cancer l1959;13: 424–438. [14] Vaughan JMaO, M. . The use of autoradiography in

the measurement of radiation dose-rate in rabbit bones following the administration of 90Sr. Lab. Invest l1959;8: 181–193. [15] Rushton M, Owen, M. Holgate, W., Vaughan, J. The relation of radiation dose to radiation damage in the mandible of weanling rabbits. Archs oral Biol l1961;3: 235–246. [16] Macpherson S, Owen, M., Vaughan, J. The relation of radiation dose to radiation damage in the tibia of weanling rabbits injected with strontium 90. Br. J.Radiol. l1962;35: 221–234. [17] Owen M, Macpherson, S. Cell population kinetics of an osteogenic tissue HTS assay II. J. Cell Biol l1963;19: 33–44. [18] Owen M. Cell population kinetics of an osteogenic heptaminol tissue. J. Cell Biol l1963;19: 19–32. [19] Owen M. Cell differentiation in bone. In: Proc. 2nd European Symposium Calcified Tissues,. Liege, Belgium Congr. Colloq., Univ. de Liege;

1964. p. 11–22. [20] Owen M. RNA synthesis in growing bone. In: Fleisch H, Blackwood, H.J.J., Owen, M., editor. 3rd European Symposium on Calcified Tissues: Springer Verlag, Heidelberg.; 1966. p. 36–40. [21] Owen M. Uptake of [3H] uridine into precursor pools and RNA in osteogenic cells. J. Cell Sci. l1967;2: 39–56. [22] Owen M, Shetlar, M.R.. Uptake of 3H-glucosamine by osteoclasts. Nature l1968; 20: 1335–1336. [23] Owen M, Bingham, P.J. The effect of parathyroid extract on RNA synthesis in osteogenic cells in vivo. In: Talmage RV, Belanger, L.F., editor. Parathyroid Hormone and Thyrocalcitonin (Calcitonin); 1968. p. 216–225. [24] Bingham PJ, Brazell, I.A., Owen, M. The effect of parathyroid extract on cellular activity and plasma calcium levels in vivo. J. Endocrinology l1969;45: 387–400. [25] Owen M. The origin of bone cells. Int. Rev.Cytology l1970;28: 213–238. [26] Ashton BA, Herring, G.M., Owen, M., Triffitt, J.T. Studies on the non-collagenous proteins of bone. Israel J. Med. Sci. l1971; 7: 409–411. [27] Brazell I, Owen, M. Some effects of actinomycin D on ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis in osteogenic cells. Clin. Orthop. l1971;79: 173–186.

In the crystalline silica-exposed group, the total BALF cell numbers, neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and the percentage of neutrophils were significantly increased until 6-month post-exposure. For the MWCNT-exposed groups, LDH and TP levels in the BALF were significantly increased only in the group exposed to 1 mg/kg MWCNTs; however, the changes were transient and recovered Src inhibitor after 1-week post-exposure (Fig. 5). BALF cytokine levels were not significantly changed at any

time point (data not shown). In contrast, LDH and TP levels in the BALF were significantly increased until 6-month post-exposure in the crystalline silica-exposed group (Fig. 5), and significant changes in IL-1β and IL-2 levels were observed in this group (data not shown). For all the groups, histopathological changes due to the instillation exposure of MWCNTs or crystalline silica were observed only in the lungs and lung-associated lymph nodes, and

not in the other tissues (i.e., the liver, kidney, spleen, and cerebrum). Table 1 summarizes the histopathological findings of the rats examined in this study and their severity scores at each time point. In the MWCNT-exposed groups, dose-dependent histopathological changes were observed. In the group exposed to 0.04 mg/kg MWCNTs, Selleckchem EX-527 no significant changes were observed at any time points (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7Figs. 6a and 7a). In the group exposed to 0.2 mg/kg MWCNTs, minimal macrophage accumulation and phagocytosed MWCNTs were observed in the alveoli (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7). In the group exposed to 1 mg/kg MWCNTs, deposition of the MWCNTs and macrophage accumulation, part of which were granulomatous, was http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/Neratinib(HKI-272).html observed in the alveoli and interstitium from 3-day to 1-month post-exposure (Fig. 6c and d). Most MWCNTs were phagocytosed

by alveolar macrophages. Further, hypertrophy of the bronchial epithelium and inflammatory cell infiltrations were observed. From 3- to 6-month post-exposure, histopathological findings were qualitatively similar to those at 1-month post-exposure; although the severity of the changes was gradually weaker. At 6-month post-exposure, deposition of the MWCNTs and macrophage accumulation, part of which were granulomatous, was observed in the alveoli and interstitium in the group exposed to 1 mg/kg MWCNTs; however, the severity of these changes was minimal (Fig. 7c). In the group exposed to 1 mg/kg MWCNTs, minimal MWCNT depositions were observed in the peribronchial lymph nodes at 6-month post-exposure (Fig. 7d). In the crystalline silica-exposed group, only minimal macrophage accumulation in the alveoli and interstitium was observed up to 1-week post-exposure. However, the severity of macrophage accumulation was increased after 1-month post-exposure, and, cytolysis of macrophages was observed, which was most severe at 6-month post-exposure.

Trabecular bone analysis of loading effects in the same mice showed that of the four trabecular bone parameters analysed, only Tb.Th increased dose responsively in the male WT+/+ mice ( Table 4). Tb.Th in the male Lrp5−/− counterparts did not show a dose–response with loading, though

analysis of the side-to-side differences showed modest but significant Tb.Th loading effects at all 3 load levels in Lrp5−/− males ( Table 2). The magnitude of this response in Tb.Th was similar to that found in male WT+/+ mice. Female WT+/+ and Lrp5−/− mice did not respond dose-responsively to any of the trabecular parameters, the one exception being Tb.Th in Lrp5−/− mice ( Table 3, Fig. 4). However, since the female WT+/+ mice did not respond to loading in a significant dose:responsive manner, the effect in Tb.Th is difficult to interpret. Among the WT+/+ females, Tb.Th in the high load group was the only outcome that learn more produced a significant side-to-side effect ( Table 2). Female Lrp5−/− showed significant side-to-side loading effects

in BV/TV at the medium load, and in Tb.Th in the medium and high loads, but interpretation of this effect is difficult because the WT+/+ controls did not respond for one of the three effects found in Lrp5−/− females. Mechanical loading significantly and dose-responsively anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody increased the cortical bone parameters, % cortical bone area and % total area in WTHBM− and Lrp5HBM+ male and female mice ( Fig. 3, Table 3 and Table 4). A significant dose-responsive reduction in medullary

area was observed in Lrp5HBM+ females, but not in their WT controls ( Table 3). Analysis of side-to-side differences GNAT2 at individual strain levels indicate that the Lrp5HBM+ mice respond significantly at strains insufficient to induce a similar cortical response in WTHBM− mice, and when WTHBM− mice do show a significant side-to-side effect, the Lrp5HBM+ response is typically significantly greater ( Table 2, Fig. 3). Trabecular bone analysis of loading effects in the same mice showed that mechanical loading significantly and dose-responsively increased BV/TV and Tb.Th in male and female WTHBM− and Lrp5HBM+ mice ( Fig. 4, Table 3 and Table 4). Post-hoc analysis of the strain:response slopes indicated that the Tb.Th response to loading was significantly enhanced in male and female Lrp5HBM+ mice, compared with their respective WTHBM− controls. Analysis of side-to-side differences at individual strain levels indicate that the Lrp5HBM+ mice respond significantly at strains insufficient to induce similar trabecular responses in WTHBM− mice, and when WTHBM− mice do show a significant side-to-side effect, the Lrp5HBM+ response is typically significantly greater ( Table 2). The primary objective of the experiments described in this paper was to establish the role of Lrp5 in bone’s response to mechanical loading.

MPAs in the BHS are integrating traditional practices such as sasi into MPA zoning and management, and developing co-management structures that allow communities to actively manage and patrol their MPAs. The majority

of the MPAs in the BHS are in Raja Ampat regency, which has a network of seven MPAs covering 1,185,940 ha of coral reef habitat and associated small islands (Fig. 1; Table 2). Current efforts are underway to institutionalize the Raja LBH589 price Ampat MPA network under a co-management body (termed ‘Badan Layanan Umum Daerah’ or regency technical unit) and framework that has been successfully applied to hospitals in many parts of Indonesia. This public–private co-management model provides two major benefits compared to traditional Indonesian governance of MPAs. Firstly, it allows the management body to largely manage its own finances, including both governmental budget allocations and grants from aid agencies and private donors, as well as any revenues generated (e.g. tourism entrance fees). Selleck Everolimus Secondly, it allows non-government

partners to sit on the management board and private individuals to be recruited as MPA staff and paid a professional (i.e., non-civil servant) salary. If successful, this co-management model has the potential to be applied to other MPA networks that are being developed in Indonesia ( Coral Triangle Initiative, 2009). The long term success of MPAs in the BHS will mostly depend on the management of waters outside MPAs and an integrated approach to coastal management across the BHS. Since 2007 and the passing of laws relating to spatial planning (Law 26/2007) and management of coastal areas and small islands (Law 27/2007), the Indonesian Government has provided a legal framework to reform spatial planning processes and achieve more effective and integrated urban and rural planning and sectoral development, and enable greater synergies between spatial plans developed at the regency, province and at the national

level. In the BHS, through the efforts Reverse transcriptase of international and national NGOs there has been a push for coastal development, fisheries, spatial planning and species management to align with the principles of ‘ecosystem-based management’ and recognize that ecosystems, communities, and economic opportunities are strongly connected. The BHS is currently struggling to keep up with rapid environmental, social and economic change. Local communities and the regional economy rely heavily on natural resources – both terrestrial and marine – for industries such as fishing, mining, forestry, oil and gas, mariculture and tourism. However, certain activities associated with these industries threaten the biodiversity and health of marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the BHS.