, 2013) and implicates pathogen disgust in individual

differences in preferences Sotrastaurin for facial cues of weight, at least among men. Although other studies also suggest that pathogen disgust may be a particularly reliable predictor of men’s preferences for facial cues of health (Lee et al., 2013), the sex-specificity of our findings is somewhat surprising, given Lieberman et al.’s (2011) work suggesting that pathogen disgust is a particularly good predictor of women’s negative attitudes towards obese individuals. Nonetheless, together, these findings suggest that the sex-specific effects of pathogen disgust on preferences for facial cues of weight may be different to those that occur for general negative attitudes about obese individuals. Parts of this research were funded by ESRC grantES/1031022/1, awarded to L.M.D. and B.C.J., and by ERC Starting Grant282655 (OCMATE), awarded to B.C.J. “
“Several

pain syndromes, such as fibromyalgia, chronic back pain, and neuropathic pain, are associated with significant effects on neuroplasticity in pain-related neural circuits, which, in turn, lead to significant effects on the sensory and affective-emotional domains, such as hyperalgesia, allodynia, anxiety and depression http://www.selleckchem.com/products/icg-001.html (Staud, 2006 and Staud and Rodriguez, 2006). In most cases, these conditions are associated with psychiatric disorders, absenteeism, and high costs of chronic treatment Methocarbamol or poor outcomes despite treatment

(Jensen et al., 2007 and Van Hanswijck et al., 2008). Pain syndromes are associated with chronic stress, as chronic exposure to pain produces suffering, which activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, thus stimulating the production of corticosterone, the hormone released in stress conditions (for a review, see Martenson et al., 2009). It is known that serum corticosterone levels in rats subjected to chronic stress do not show a significant increase in comparison to control animals; however, this increase is statistically significant when rats are subjected to acute stress (Park et al., 2012 and Torres et al., 2001a). Unlike acute stress, which has been associated with a reduction in pain sensitivity, probably mediated by brain stem pain modulation (for a review, see Martenson et al., 2009), chronic stress has been associated with decreased pain thresholds. Indeed, chronic stress is associated with hyperalgesia (enhanced response to noxious stimuli) (Gamaro et al., 1998, Torres et al., 2001a and Bardin et al., 2009) and allodynia (pain induced by non-noxious stimuli) (Bardin et al., 2009). In the previous study, we demonstrated that chronic stress-induced hyperalgesia remained for 28 days after discontinuation of treatment (Torres et al., 2003). Interestingly, the analgesic response to acute restraint stress (i.e.