10). Both fPD and sPD groups included subjects with delayed gastric emptying at an early stage of disease. Conclusions: Patients with fPD showed significantly delayed gastric emptying in comparison to normal age-matched individuals. Further studies of gastrointestinal dysfunction in PD, particularly fPD, are warranted. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“A dot-blot hybridization protocol using digoxigenin-labelled riboprobes was finalized for the detection of Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV)

and Citrus variegation virus (CVV). Both viruses were readily identified in different organs of screenhouse-grown and, throughout a 9-month period, in-field-grown citrus plants. With CPsV, strong hybridization signals were obtained by dot blot hybridization from flowers (ovaries) and young Alvocidib leaves and, with CVV, from young leaves and shoots. In tissues prints, CPsV was satisfactorily detected from ovaries and CVV from petioles, ovaries, Young leaves and tender shoots. The sensitivity threshold of the assay was determined to be 75 pg of in

vitro transcripts for both CPsV and CVV, allowing detection of both viruses even when their titres decreased in plant tissues and ELISA tests failed.”
“Background and Aim: Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) are two major phenotypes Fer-1 of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that present with inflammation of the colon or the entire gastrointestinal tract, respectively. Genome-wide association studies have confirmed the role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein-2 (NOD2) variants and identified several other genes associated with IBD. We investigated whether variants in NOD2 and interleukin-23 receptor (IL23R) are associated with IBD in a well-characterized case-control cohort from southern India.\n\nMethods: We recruited 652 patients (411 UC and 241 CD) using established diagnostic criteria and 442 age-, sex-, and ethnically-matched, normal individuals. By direct sequencing, we screened the

complete NOD2 gene and genotyped the R381Q variant in IL23R, and performed an association analysis and genotype-phenotype correlation analysis.\n\nResults: The clinical PCI-32765 concentration presentation of UC and CD patients did not differ significantly from the Europeans. We observed a monomorphic status for three common disease-susceptible variants, R702W, G908R, and 1007fs in NOD2; three other single nucleotide polymorphisms, P268S, R459R, and R587R, had a comparable minor allele frequency in patients and controls. Compared to Europeans, we found a low frequency (similar to 1%) of the protective allele at R381Q in IL23R and no statistically-significant association with IBD (odds ratio = 0.87; 95% confidence interval = 0.26-2.86; P > 0.05).\n\nConclusions: Our study suggests that variants in the NOD2 gene and the protective variant R381Q in IL23R are not associated with IBD in Indians. Additional variants in these or other candidate genes might play a major role in the pathophysiology of IBD in Indians.