8 × 106, was used). C57BL/6 mice were anesthetized with tribromoethanol (125–250 mg/kg). Viral solution was injected with a glass pipette at a flow rate of 0.15 μl/min. Coordinates used for the hippocampal injection were AP + 1.95 mm,

ML ± 1.25 mm, DV − 1.20 mm (for CA1), and DV − 1.95 mm (for DG). We injected 1 μl of viral solution in CA1 and another 1 μl in DG. The coordinates used for the prefrontal injection were AP − 1.0 mm, ML ± 0.3 mm, DV − 1.0 mm, and DV − 1.5 mm. The sites at DV − 1.0 mm and DV − 1.5 mm both received 1 μl of injection. The coordinates used for the entorhinal injection U0126 supplier were AP + 4.5 mm, ML ± 3.5 mm, and DV − 4.0 mm. The injections were bilateral except otherwise noted. Two-month-old C57BL/6 mice were injected with AAVs and were used for slice physiology 3–4 weeks after the infection. Transverse hippocampal slices or coronal prefrontal slices (250 μm) were cut in ice-cold solution, comprising

75 mM sucrose, 75 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 1 mM NaH2PO4, 8 mM MgSO4, 0.5 mM CaCl2, 26.2 mM NaHCO3, and 20 mM D-glucose saturated with 95% O2/ 5% CO2 and transferred to a holding chamber containing artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) composed of 117.5 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 1 mM NaH2PO4, 1.3 mM MgSO4, 2.5 mM CaCl2, 26.2 mM NaHCO3, and 11 mM D-glucose to recover for at least 1 hr at room temperature Obeticholic Acid mw before being transferred to a recording chamber continually perfused (1 ml/min) with oxygenated ACSF (maintained at 27°C–29°C), containing 50 μM of picrotoxin. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were made with 3–5 Sodium butyrate MΩ pipettes filled with internal solution containing 135 mM CsMeSO4, 10 mM HEPES, 8 mM NaCl, 0.25 mM EGTA, 2 mM MgCl2, 4 mM Mg ATP, 0.3 mM NaGTP, and 5 mM phosphocreatine (pH 7.3). Neurons were clamped at −65mV for recording of EPSC in hippocampal slices. In the prefrontal slices, to avoid contamination from AMPAR-mediated polysynaptic EPSCs, we

clamped neurons at +30mV to record NMDAR-mediated EPSCs in the presence of 10 μM of NBQX. Two-month-old mice were injected with AAVs and were implanted with recording electrodes 2–3 weeks later. Field potential recordings were obtained from the CA1 field of the right dorsal hippocampus. To implant electrodes, we sedated mice with diazepam (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), anesthetized them with isoflurane (1%–3%), placed them in a stereotaxic frame, maintained on a heating pad, and prepared them for aseptic surgery. A hole was drilled 2.2 mm posterior and 1.6 mm right of bregma. An insulated, 50 μm diameter stainless steel wire (California Fine Wire) was implanted 1.7 mm below the surface of the brain. The reference electrode was placed in the cerebellum. Two screws were placed in the skull. Electrode leads were connected to pins that were inserted into a strip connector, which was attached to the screws and skull with cranioplastic cement.