Results: There were 1368 infection-related deaths documented, constituting 20% of all childhood deaths. An underlying medical condition was recorded in 50% (676 cases), the most common being prematurity in infants (322/ 660, 52%), cerebral palsy in 1 to 4 year olds (46/190, 24%), and malignancy (46/ 163, 28%) in 5 to 14 year olds. Of the 837 deaths where a pathogen was coded, 494 (59%) specified bacterial infection, 256 (31%) viral infection, and 69 (8%) fungal infection. Among deaths with recorded bacterial

infections, a lower proportion of meningococcal and pneumococcal infections (14% [22/155] vs. 60% [205/339], SB203580 solubility dmso P < 0.0001) and a higher proportion of Gram-negative enteric bacilli (78/155 cases [50%] vs. 17/339 cases [5%], P < 0.0001) were reported in children with and without documented underlying

medical conditions, respectively.

Conclusions: Infections continue to make a major contribution to deaths in children, particularly among those with underlying conditions. buy GNS-1480 Identification of the pathogens associated with childhood deaths should help prioritize the development of intervention strategies for reducing pediatric mortality. Linkage of death registrations to national infectious disease surveillance systems should be undertaken to strengthen monitoring of infectious deaths and evaluate the effect of interventions.”
“This study aimed to examine the effects of bile salts on pharmacokinetics of lovastatin, which has low bioavailability. Lovastatin solid dispersions were prepared using sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) and sodium glycholate (NaGC) at ratios of 1:19, 1:49, and 1:69. The formulated solid dispersions and control (commercial tablet) were administered to rats and plasma concentrations were determined by a validated LC-MS/MS method. Statistically significant differences were found in C-max, AUC(0-10), and AUC(0-infinity)

values among lovastatin formulations (p < 0.05). NaDC-containing formulations click here revealed higher bioavailabilities than NaGC-containing solid dispersions at ratios of 1:19 and 1:49. Especially, NaDC-containing formulation at a ratio of 1:19 (NaDC19) showed the highest bioavailability. The AUC (both AUC(0-10) and AUC(0-infinity)) of NaDC19 was statistically higher than control and NaDC69 (p < 0.05). The AUC values decreased as bile salt concentrations increased. Overall, formulations containing bile salts showed higher AUC values than control, even though all formulations did not show significantly higher AUC. In conclusion, the addition of bile salts to lovastatin could enhance drug bioavailabilities. However, too high concentrations of bile salts could decrease bioavailabilities of lovastatin.