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declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions AY conceived and designed the experiment, carried out the photocurrent measurements, coordinated the study, and drafted the manuscript. VK and VA prepared the samples using molecular beam epitaxy and photolithography techniques. AD supervised the project work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background The uses of different
types of nanostructured materials in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) have attracted worldwide attention as a low-cost alternative to traditional photovoltaic device [1–5]. This is because nanostructures of materials enhance the surface area to allow a higher amount of dye molecules to be adsorbed, and the nature of electron transport in oxide nanoparticle films is fairly well understood. The scientific community is still struggling to find optimum nanostructures and materials Thiamine-diphosphate kinase for the best solution to overcome issues associated with stability, efficiency, and cost-effective mass production [6, 7]. Normally, in DSSCs, photons interact with dye molecules to create excitons. These excitons come into contact with nanoparticles/nanostructures at the surface of the photoelectrode and are rapidly split into electrons and holes. Electrons are injected into the photoelectrode, and holes leave the opposite side of the device by means of redox species (traditionally the I−/I3 − couple) in the liquid or solid-state electrolyte used in DSSCs to ensure efficient electron transfer to the redox couple [8–11]. It is important to apply different materials and structures to enhance light photon interaction with dye molecules to achieve a higher proportion of excitons.