This may indicate memory T-cell responses and would be consistent with the notion that many healthcare workers indicated past HCV exposures. Vice versa, NK cell responses may support T-cell responses by way of their effect on antigen-presenting cells. NK cells preferentially kill immature dendritic cells (DCs)[31, 32] because mature DCs are protected by high MHC class I surface expression.[31] This may result in a relative increase of mature over immature DCs and promote T-cell priming. Furthermore, under conditions where DCs are suboptimally activated by type I IFN, NK cells may license DCs to prime T-cell find more responses.[33] In

conclusion, these results suggest that low-dose exposure

to HCV activates innate and adaptive cellular immune responses, which may contribute to the prevention of high-level systemic viremia and acute liver disease. The multifunctional NK cell response (cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production) in these HCV-exposed healthcare workers differed from the impaired NK cell response (increase in cytotoxicity and decrease in IFN-γ production) in chronic HCV infection. We thank Dr. Yuji Sobao for performing several of the Elispot assays and the NIAID Tetramer Facility of the Vadimezan purchase NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program for synthesis of CD1d tetramers. Additional Supporting information may be found in the online version of this article. Supplementary Figure 1. Kinetics of NKT cell responses in HCV-exposed healthcare workers without detectable viremia. (A) Frequency of CD1d+ NKT cells within the peripheral blood

lymphocyte population. (B, C) Frequency and MFI of FasL+ (B) and NKG2D+ (C) NKT cells. Mean ± SEM are shown for paired data from 8 subjects tested at multiple time points. Statistical medchemexpress analysis: Nonparametric Wilcoxon matched pairs tests. Supplementary Figure 2. Kinetics of NK cell responses in HCV-exposed healthcare workers without detectable viremia. Frequency of (A) CD122+, (B) NKp44+, (C) NKp46+ and (D) NKG2A+ CD3-CD56+ NK cells. Mean ± SEM are shown for paired data from 8 subjects tested at multiple time points. Statistical analysis: Nonparametric Wilcoxon matched pairs tests. “
“Intestinal failure (IF) is a rare but devastating complication of Crohn’s disease (CD). The clinical and surgical factors that predispose to IF are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to define clinical factors that predispose to IF. A retrospective case–control study was performed using consecutive CD patients with IF who were identified from a prospective database. Local population-based controls were selected with which to compare demographic, phenotypic, and clinical outcomes. Eighty-two CD patients requiring long-term intravenous fluids or nutrition were studied. Diagnosis at age 16 years or less (P = 0.