Most often, the interaction occurs within the 5′-noncoding region of the mRNA target or at the beginning of the message’s coding sequence. In many cases, these interactions are facilitated by the highly conserved bacterial sRNA chaperone protein Hfq (Valentin-Hansen et al., 2004). A homologue of Hfq is present in almost half of all sequenced Gram-negative and Gram-positive species, and in at least one archaeon (Sun et al., 2002; Nielsen et al., 2007; Soppa et al., 2009; Straub et al., 2009). At least 15 of 46 known sRNAs in E. coli interact with Hfq (Zhang et al., 2003). In FDA-approved Drug Library research buy E. coli, the Hfq chaperone is critical for the stability, function,

and base pairing of the iron-responsive RyhB sRNA. The 90-nucleotide long RyhB downregulates a set of iron-storage and iron-using proteins when iron is limiting; RyhB is itself negatively regulated by the Fur (ferric uptake regulator) protein (Masse & Gottesman, 2002; Tjaden et al., 2006; Desnoyers et al., 2009). Analysis of the N. europaea genome revealed that, like other bacteria, it contains a homologue of hfq denoted as NE1287 (Chain et al., 2003). This may suggest the existence of a similar mechanism utilizing sRNAs in N. europaea. In this study, computational analyses of the N. europaea genome and N. europaea microarray data were used to search for evidence of sRNA genes in this bacterium (Tjaden, 2008a, b). Fifteen psRNAs were identified.

We experimentally confirmed the transcription Ibrutinib ic50 of two psRNAs under selected treatments and analyzed the transcriptional profiles of possible target genes that may be under their regulation. This is the first experimental evidence for expression of sRNA

genes in an ammonia-oxidizing bacterium. Batch cultures of wild-type N. europaea were grown to the late log phase as described (Wei Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) et al., 2006a, b). Treatments with chloromethane and chloroform have been reported in our previous research (Gvakharia et al., 2007). The N. europaea fur-deficient mutant strain (fur:kanP) was created with a kanamycin-resistance cassette insertion in the promoter region of the fur homologue encoded by NE0616. Construction of the fur:kanP mutant of N. europaea is described elsewhere (N. Vajrala, L. Sayavedra-Soto & D. Arp, unpublished data). Iron-replete and iron-depleted conditions were used to grow wild-type N. europaea and the N. europaea fur:kanP strain to the late log phase as described previously (N. Vajrala, L. Sayavedra-Soto & D. Arp, unpublished data). Total RNA was extracted and purified with RNeasy® Mini Kit (cat. no. 74104) from Qiagen (MD) according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. cDNA was synthesized with the IScript™ cDNA Synthesis Kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., Hercules, CA) with RNA extracted from cells that were exposed to chloroform or chloromethane, or from cells that were grown in iron-replete or iron-depleted media. Transcript levels were measured by real-time PCR with IQ™ SYBR Green Supermix (Bio-Rad).